Title Pages The Mercenary Mediterranean: "Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon" Hussein Fancy Print publication date: 2016 Print ISBN-13: 9780226329642 Published to Chicago Scholarship Online: September 2016 DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226329789.001.0001 Title Pages (p.i) The Mercenary Mediterranean (p.ii) (p.iii) The Mercenary Mediterranean THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO AND LONDON (p.iv) HUSSEIN FANCY is assistant professor of history at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2016 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2016. Printed in the United States of America 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-32964-2 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-32978-9 (e-book) DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226329789.001.0001 The University of Chicago Press gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the University of Michigan toward the publication of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fancy, Hussein Anwar, 1974– author. The mercenary Mediterranean : sovereignty, religion, and violence in the medieval crown of Aragon / Hussein Fancy. pages : illustrations, maps ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-226-32964-2 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-226-32978-9 (e- book) Page 1 of 2 PRINTED FROM CHICAGO SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.chicago.universitypressscholarship.com). (c) Copyright University of Chicago Press, 2020. All Rights Reserved. An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in CHSO for personal use. Subscriber: Harvard University Library; date: 29 August 2020 Title Pages 1. Soldiers of fortune—Spain—Aragon—History—13th century. 2. Soldiers of fortune— Spain—Aragon—History—14th century. 3. Foreign enlistment—Spain—Aragon — History. 4. Mudéjares—Spain—Aragon—History. 5. Muslims—Spain—Aragon— History—13th century. 6. Muslims—Spain—Aragon—History—14th century. 7. Muslims—Africa, North—History—13th century. 8. Muslims—Africa, North— History—14th century. 9. Aragon (Spain)—History, Military—13th century. 10. Aragon (Spain)—History, Military—14th century. I. Title. DP302.A7F36 2016 355.3'540946550902—dc23 2015028774 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Page 2 of 2 PRINTED FROM CHICAGO SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.chicago.universitypressscholarship.com). (c) Copyright University of Chicago Press, 2020. All Rights Reserved. An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in CHSO for personal use. Subscriber: Harvard University Library; date: 29 August 2020 Dedication The Mercenary Mediterranean: "Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon" Hussein Fancy Print publication date: 2016 Print ISBN-13: 9780226329642 Published to Chicago Scholarship Online: September 2016 DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226329789.001.0001 Dedication (p.v) For J and Z (p.vi) Page 1 of 1 PRINTED FROM CHICAGO SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.chicago.universitypressscholarship.com). (c) Copyright University of Chicago Press, 2020. All Rights Reserved. An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in CHSO for personal use. Subscriber: Harvard University Library; date: 29 August 2020 Epigraph The Mercenary Mediterranean: "Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon" Hussein Fancy Print publication date: 2016 Print ISBN-13: 9780226329642 Published to Chicago Scholarship Online: September 2016 DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226329789.001.0001 Epigraph (p.vii) ginete, n. Diego de Urrea dize que ginete, se pudo dezir de Cinete, que en terminacion Arabiga, es Cinetum, y sinífica ornamento del verbo Ceyene, hermosear, o ser hermoso, por la gallardia de los ginetes quando salen de fiesta con sus turbantes y plumas, sus marlotas, y borceguíes, y los jaezes de los cavallos ricos. [Diego de Urrea said that ginete could have come from Cinete, which in Arabic is Cinetum, and means ornament, from the verb, Ceyene, to embellish, or to be beautiful, on account of the gallantry of the ginetes when they parade in celebrations with their turbans and feathers, their adorned boots, their robes and the trappings of sumptuous horses.] SEBASTIÁN DE COVARRUBIAS, Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española (1611) (p.viii) Page 1 of 1 PRINTED FROM CHICAGO SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.chicago.universitypressscholarship.com). (c) Copyright University of Chicago Press, 2020. All Rights Reserved. An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in CHSO for personal use. Subscriber: Harvard University Library; date: 29 August 2020 Illustrations The Mercenary Mediterranean: "Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon" Hussein Fancy Print publication date: 2016 Print ISBN-13: 9780226329642 Published to Chicago Scholarship Online: September 2016 DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226329789.001.0001 (p.xi) Illustrations Maps 1 The Crown of Aragon, ca. 1300 3 2 The Aragonese Empire, ca. 1300 7 3 The Almohad Caliphate, 1214 10 4 The western Mediterranean, ca. 1300 11 5 The Aragonese-Granadan frontier, 1304 131 Figures 1 The skirmish of the Jinetes at the Battle of Higueruela (1431) 19 2 Heavy and light cavalry in the Granadan army (ca. 1284) 37 3 Christian militias in North Africa (ca. 1284) 57 4 The Juegos de Caña in Valladolid (1506) 63 5 Muslim raiders with Christian captives (ca. 1284) 104 Table The rulers of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa 2 (p.xii) Page 1 of 1 PRINTED FROM CHICAGO SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.chicago.universitypressscholarship.com). (c) Copyright University of Chicago Press, 2020. All Rights Reserved. An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in CHSO for personal use. Subscriber: Harvard University Library; date: 29 August 2020 Acknowledgments The Mercenary Mediterranean: "Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon" Hussein Fancy Print publication date: 2016 Print ISBN-13: 9780226329642 Published to Chicago Scholarship Online: September 2016 DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226329789.001.0001 (p.xiii) Acknowledgments In the course of researching and writing this book, I have accrued more debts than I can repay or keep account of. First of all, I would like to thank my teachers. Without their guidance and generosity, I would have had neither the confidence nor the courage to follow this path. The inspiring María Rosa Menocal first introduced me to medieval Iberia as an undergraduate. She remained a friend and mentor long after. William Chester Jordan and Michael Cook not only introduced me to the study of medieval Europe and the Islamic world but also modeled a standard of scholarly rigor and intellectual honesty to which I continue to aspire. I conducted the research for this book over the course of four years in Spain and North Africa. Brian Catlos accompanied me on my first day of research in Barcelona and gave me my first “taste of the archive.” In person and on paper, he taught me how to navigate and think about these historical records. Ramón Pujades and Jaume Riera shared their archival expertise on numerous occasions. A paleography seminar in Cairo with Emad Abou Ghazi was extremely valuable. Ana Echevarría and Maribel Fierro read, commented on, and provided invaluable suggestions on early drafts of this manuscript. I also deeply appreciated conversations with and advice from María Teresa Ferreri Mallol, Mercedes García-Arenal, Linda Gale Jones, Tomàs de Montagut, Lawrence Mott, Vincens Pons, Cristina de la Puente, Roser Salicrú, Delfina Serrano, and Max Turull. I would like to thank Gerard Wiegers, P. S. van Koningsveld, and Umar Ryad for sharing a copy of an unpublished manuscript from North Africa with me. I would also like to extend my thanks to the patient and gracious staff at the Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó, Arxiu Capitular de la Catedral de Valencia, Archivo del Reino de Valencia, Archivo Histórico Nacional, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio (p.xiv) de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, British Library, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, al-Maktaba al-Waṭaniyya al-Tūnisiyya, al-Maktaba al-Waṭaniyya li’l-Mamlaka al-Maghribiyya, Qarawīyīn Library, and Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyya. At the University of Michigan, I found a community of extraordinary, warm, and welcoming scholars across disciplines. The argument and shape of this book developed first at the Michigan Society of Fellows, where I had the good fortune to share work with Donald Lopez, Deirdre de la Cruz, Miranda Johnson, Jeremy Mumford, Benjamin Paloff, and Christopher Skeaff, among many others. Tomoko Masuzawa and Paul Johnson led an inspiring faculty seminar on religion and the secular. Valerie Kivelson and Paolo Squatriti read the whole manuscript multiple times and at various stages. They saw me through the woods. Kathryn Babayan, Katherine French, Enrique Page 1 of 2 PRINTED FROM CHICAGO SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.chicago.universitypressscholarship.com). (c) Copyright University of Chicago Press, 2020. All Rights Reserved. An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in CHSO for personal use. Subscriber: Harvard University Library; date: 29 August 2020 Acknowledgments García Santo-Tomás, Gottfried Hagen, and Rebecca Scott provided detailed and valuable comments and corrections. Stephen Berrey and Elise Lipkowitz were unflagging in their support. Saeed Al Alaslaa and John Posch provided assistance with copy editing. I also benefited from rich and enthusiastic conversations with Michael Bonner, Howard Brick, Pär Cassel, Sueann Caufield, Juan Cole, Alison Cornish, Will Glover, Mayte Green, George Hoffman, Diane Owen Hughes, Sue Juster, Webb Keane, Victor Lieberman, Rudi Lindner, Karla Mallette, Peggy McCracken, Farina Mir, Ian Moyer, Christian de Pee, Helmut Puff, Cathy Sanok, Jean-Frédéric Schaub, Lee Schlesinger, Scott Spector, Andrew Shryock, Ryan Szpiech, and Butch Ware. I am also indebted to numerous other colleagues who read and commented on this work. David Nirenberg has been a constant source of encouragement and intellectual inspiration.