COMBATING CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN ANDHRA PRADESH Submitted to GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Planning Commission New Delhi – 110 001 Prof. K.VENKAT NARAYANA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY WARANGAL – 506 009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the outset I express my sincere thanks to Government of India, Planning Commission, New Delhi for granting financial support to under take the project on combating child labour in India – An empirical study in Andhra Pradesh. I also thank the Director, deputy Director and other Officials in Socio-Economic Research Division, Planning Commission, New Delhi for the of support of this study. I express my thanks to Prof. B. Venkata Ratnam, Vice-Chancellor, Prof. K. Sayulu, Registrar and Prof. M. Sarangapani, Co-ordinating Officer, UGC Unit, Kakatiya University, Warangal for their encouragement to under take this project. I express my thanks to Prof. G. Bhasker, Head, Department of Economics, Prof. T. Srinivas and Dr. B. Suresh Lal, Kakatiya University for their co-operation to conduct seminars and field study computations and for completing this work. I express my sincere thanks to Disrict Officers, NCLP PDs, RVM PDs, ICDS Pos, Teachers, Field Officers and NGO’s Guntur, Khammam, Kurnool and Mahabbobnagar districts for providing secondary data for this project. Similarly, I am thankful to Mr. M. satyanarayana, Project associate, Mr. E. Ramesh, Project Asst., Mr. D. Satyanarayana, Project Asst., and Dr. S. Vidya Sagar, Research Fellow, Department of Economics, Kakatiya University, warangal for organizing seminars and convassing the schedules in selected for villages collecting field data. (PROF. K. VENKAT NARAYANA) CONTENTS CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION 1 - 27 CHAPTER – II CHILD LABOUR IN ANDHRA PRADESH 28 - 40 CHAPTER – III BRIEF PROFILE OF SELECTED DISTRICTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 41 - 61 CHAPTER – IV PROFILE OF SELECTED VILLAGES IN ANDHRA PRADESH 62 - 85 CHAPTER – V SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF NCLP CHILD LABOUR HOUSEHOLDS 86 - 106 CHAPTER – VI FUNCTIONING OF NCLP IN KHAMMAM DISTRICT 107 - 115 CHAPTER – VII FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 116 - 132 LIST OF THE TABLES Table - 1.1 Magnitudes of Child Labour and Out of School Children in India Table - 1.2 Changes in the Magnitude of Child Labour and WPR between 1991 and 2001 (Children in age group 5-14Yrs) Table - 1.3 NSSO Estimate of Child Labour in Major Indian States (2004- 2005) Table - 1.4 Magnitude of Child Labour in India 2001 Top (11 districts having more than 85,000 Child Labour) Table - 1.5 Sectoral Distribution of India’s Child Labour (2004-05) Table - 1.6 Child Workforce Participation Rates in Major Indian States (2004-05) Table – 1.7 History of Legislation Relating to Child Labour in India Table - 2.1 Literacy Rates, Gender gaps in Literacy Rates Rural and Urban in A.P. Table - 2.2(a) District wise Magnitude of Child Labour in Andhra Pradesh Table - 2.2(b) District Wise Out of School Children in Andhra Pradesh Table - 2.3 Change in the Growth of Child Labour in India (1991-2001) Table – 2.4 State-Wise Enforcement Data incubuses of Child Labour in India Table - 2.5 Sectoral Distribution of Child Workers (5-14yrs) in Andhra Pradesh Table - 2.5(a) Enrollment in Primary Schools in Andhra Pradesh (2007 – 2008) Table - 2.5(b) Enrollment in Upper Primary Schools in Andhra Pradesh (2007- 2008) Table - 2.5(c) Enrollment in High Schools in Andhra Pradesh (2007 – 2008) Table - 2.5(d) Total Boys and Girls Enrollment in Andhra Pradesh (up to SSC 2007 –08 Table - 3.1 Coverage of NCLP Schools in Andhra Pradesh (Sanctioned, Opened, Working at Present) Table - 3.2 Sanctioned and Operational NCLP Schools in Selected Districts in A.P. Table - 3.3 Out of School Children in Selected Mandals in A.P. Table - 3.4 Districts-Wise K G B Vs of Selected Districts in A.P. (2011-12) Table - 3.5 Districts Wise Madarasa Schools in Selected Districts (2011-12) Table - 3.6 NCLP Schools and Managements (Project Society / NGO) (2010-11) Table - 3.7(a) Enrollment and Mainstreaming of Child Labour in NCLP Schools (1995- 96 to 2010-11) During in Selected Districts Table - 3.7(b) Year Wise Budget Sanctioned and Expenditure in Selected Districts Table - 3.7(c) Parent Department of PDs of NCLP Societies Table - 3.7(d) Schedule of Executive Meetings of Project Societies (NCLP Schools) Table - 3.8 Sample NCLP Schools in Selected Districts in A.P. (As on 31-03-2011 Table - 3.9 District-Wise Staffing Pattern of Selected NCLP Societies (As on 31-08-2011) Table - 4.1(a) Selected Districts, Mandals and Villages in Andhra Pradesh Table - 4.1(b) Profiles of Selected Villages in Guntur, Khammam, Kurnool and Mahabubnagar Districts Table - 4.2 Community Classification of Sample Households Table - 4.3 Sample Households - Size of Family Table - 4.4 Sample Households and Age Structure of Respondents Table - 4.5 Sample Households and Educational Status of Respondents Table – 4.6 Sample Households and Ownership of Agriculture Land Table - 4.7 Major Occupations of the Sample Respondents Table - 4.8 Sample Households - Primary Occupation Table - 4.9 Sample Households - Secondary Occupation Table - 4.10 Residential Ownership of the Respondents Table - 4.11 Sample Respondents and Type of Houses Table - 4.12 Respondents Households and Major Sources of Drinking Water Table - 4.13 Sample Households and Sources of Irrigation Facilities Table - 4.14 Sample Households and Net Income from Agriculture Table - 4.15 Sample Households and Indebtedness Table - 4.16 Sample Households and Sources of Barrowing Table - 4.17 Sample Households and Agricultural Income Table - 4.18 Sample Households and Range of Agricultural Wage Income Table - 4.19 Sample Households and Range of Non-Agricultural Income Table - 4.20 Sample Households and Average Annual Income Table - 4.21 Sample Households and Schools Preferred for Child Education Table - 4.22 Sample Households and Out of School Schools Children Table - 4.23 Never Enrolled Children - Important Reasons Table - 4.24 Sample Households and Extent of Awareness about Child Labour Acts Table - 4.25 Child Labour Act and Sources of Awareness Table - 4.26 Sample Households- Support Expected for Parents to Opt for Schools Table - 4.27 Teacher Particulars in NCLP Schools (2011-12) Table - 5.1 Selected NCLP Schools Children Households in A.P. (2011 – 2012) Table - 5.2 Communities and Sample Households of NCLP School Children (2011-12 – 2012) Table - 5.3 Sample NCLP Children Households and Size of Family Table - 5.4 Sample NCLP Children and Educational Status of Respondents Table - 5.5(a) NCLP School Children Households and Reasons for Drop-Outs Table - 5.6 NCLP Sample Households Major Occupation Table - 5.7 NCLP School Children Households – Land Ownership Table - 5.8 NCLP Sample Households - Primary Occupations Table - 5.9 NCLP Sample Households - Secondary Occupations Table - 5.10 NCLP Children Sample Households - Residential Status Table - 5.11 NCLP School Children Households and Type of House Table - 5.12 NCLP School Children Households and Sources of Drinking Water Table - 5.13 NCLP School Children Households and Average Aggregate Income Table - 5.14 NCLP school children households - extent of awareness of Child Labour Act Table - 5.15 NCLP School Children Households and Sources of Awareness Table - 5.16 NCLP School Children Households and Welfare Benefits Delivered Table - 5.17 NCLP School Children Households - Joined in the Class Table - 5.18 NCLP school children households - sex of NCLP schools children 2011 -2012 Table - 5.19 NCLP School Children Admitted by Source Table - 5.20 NCLP School Toilet Facilities Table - 5.21 Selected NCLP Schools – Separate Toilets Facilities for Boys & Girls Table - 5.22 Range of Indebtedness among Sample Table - 5.23 Sample Households and Sources of Indebtedness Table - 6.1 Particulars of Progress Made by the Total Mainstreamed Children (During 1995-2011) Table - 6.2 Particulars of Child Tracking in NCLP Society, Khammam Table - 6.3 Progress of mainstreamed NCLP (Khammam district AP 2010-2011) Table - 6.4 10th Passed NCLP School Children in Khammam District A.P. (Post- Mainstreamed) Table - 6.5 Progress of NCLP Mainstreamed Students in Khammam District of A.P. SSC (10th Class - 2010-2011) Table - 6.6 Mainstreamed Particulars of NCLP Children (for the year 2011-12) Executive Summary There is a remarkable reduction in the child labour engaged in wage employment particularly in rural areas. Similarly there is a significant increase in the percentage of children going to school education from 49.18 per cent in 1991 to 73.82 per cent in 2001. In the present study of 24 villages confirm that, out of school children has declined to bare minimum in rural areas. The proportion of children forced to accept hazardous nature of work is also getting declined. The rural areas improved significantly in view of improved educational infrastructure and employment opportunities. Andhra Pradesh was considered as Child Labour concentrated state in the country. In view of this, the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India has sanctioned NCLP schools to all the 23 districts, in a phased manner during 1995-1999. The dubious distinction of Andhra Pradesh having first rank with regard to size of Child Labour (1991) got declined to second by 2001. It is confirmed with the survey that, the child labour is not employed on permanent basis in agricultural activities. Child Labour is employed in agriculture, mostly for seasonal operations of agriculture. The Child Labour in present study areas is still involved in the following operations. In villages ¾ agriculture (own cultivation) ¾ processing of minor forest produce ¾ cotton cultivation operations ¾ cattle and goat rearing i In urban areas ¾ beedi rolling (girls) ¾ labeling and packaging ¾ collection of scrap materials ¾ hotel, restaurants, road side dabhas. ¾ domestic works ¾ brick kilnworks ¾ stone cutting ¾ Weaving and dying.