5th Anniversary 2010-2015 Pleasure Walking Brings Happiness Three Layers Meetup: Hiking nearby Barcelona Networking event at VERTIC Store Barcelona 11/6/2015 Meetup group: www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Three Layers • Equipment is the set of tools that allow you a safety progress in the mountain. • Technical clothing is the clothing that allow you go active in the mountain. Balance: Performance, Actividad, Equipo. – Subject, trining, performance. – Goal – Clothing & equipment. Clothing: Waterproof Jacket – Down & Syntethic Jacket – Soft-shells & Fleece Jacket – Tights and shorts – Base layer – Technical Pant – T-shirt. meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Tips of History 40.000 years ago Neanderthal, ice period 5.000 years ago first tissues. XIX Industrial revolution textile industry 1935 Shoe sole VIBRAM by Vitali Bramani 1938 First synthetic fiber by DUPONT 1950 Down during the Corea warn 1970’s Fleece by Helly Hansen 1969- 1976 Gore-Tex by W.L. Gore 1979 Joins & zip Thermo-sealing 1991 Wind Stopper by W.L. Gore meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Three Layers Characteristics Key factors • Comfort • Where: Geographic • Team / Individuals placement. • Functionality by activity • When: Year, season. • Reliable • Suitable • Who: Age, sex, fitness, • Waterproof vs transpiration acclimatization. • Lightweight • What: Activity to do. • Approved • Maintenance • Cost/ Quality • Multipurpose vs specific • Resistance & durability • Visibility meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Clothing Performance parametres: Isolation of: Cold, Heat, Wetness, Wind. Principals • Cold refers to the condition or subjective perception of having low temperature, the opposite of hot. Since temperature relates to the thermal energy held by an object or a sample of matter, which is the kinetic energy of the random motion of the particle constituents of matter, an object will have less thermal energy when it is colder and more when it is hotter. • Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation, depends on temperature and wind • Body generates heat, clothing keep the heat. • Clothing thermography illustrates the heat and cold the time evolution by color pictures from red to blu that each tissue keep. • Improved thermo-sealing in Joins & zip improve isolation. Causes Heat Loss • Conductivity, Convection, Sweating, Breathing, Dehydration, and Radiation meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Breathability Traspiration Air Permeability is the ability of a fabric to allow air to pass through it. While Air Permeable fabrics tend to have relatively high moisture vapor transmission, it is not necessary to be Air Permeable to be breathable. Moisture Vapor Transfer (MVT) in waterproof fabrics occurs by two processes: • Physical: Hydrophobic (water hating) microporous coatings or laminations have pores that are so small that liquid water cannot go through. However, water in vapor state is many times smaller than water in the liquid state and can pass through these “micro pores”. • Chemical: Hydrophilic (water loving) / non-porous lamination or coating move moisture by chemical diffusion. The water molecule is positively charged and the hydrophilic PU is negatively charged, attracting the water through the intermolecular gaps of the PU. Because the ionic bond is relatively weak, the water then gets pushed through the gaps until the water vapor passes all the way through. Driving Force is the difference in the level of heat and humidity on one side of the material compared to the other side. Also known as the Differential Pressure. By 2nd law of thermodynamics moisture will move towards dry. Therefore, warm, moist air will flow towards cold, dry air until there is an equilibrium. Due to body heat and moisture there is almost always higher heat and humidity inside a clothing system. This creates a differential pressure forcing the heat and humidity toward the outside. The greater the difference between the heat and humidity inside the clothing system and the outside, the greater the Differential Pressure to push that heat and humidity out. meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Clothing" Isolation: Cold, Heat, Wetness, Wind. Fiber Fibers are of three types: natural fiber which consists of animal and plant fibers, and man made fiber which consists of synthetic fibers and regenerated fibers. The earliest evidence for humans using fibers is the discovery of wool and dyed flax fibers found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP Natural fibers Animal: wool,silk, leather, down • Vegetable: cotton, hemp, flax. • Man made fibers, Synthetic fibers • Synthetic fibers are made from synthesized polymers or small molecules. The compounds that are used to make these fibers come from raw materials such as petroleum based chemicals or petrochemicals. These materials are polymerized into a long, linear chemical that bond two adjacent carbon atoms. Differing chemical compounds will be used to produce different types of fibers. Low weight, high breathability • Polyamide, Polyester, Polypropylene, Lycra, Chlorophyl. meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Coatings to improve Thermo-isolation and impermeability" Coatings to improve Thermo-isolation and impermeability • Waterproof fabrics are fabrics that are inherently, or have been treated to become, resistant to penetration by water and wetting. The term "waterproof" refers to conformance to a governing specification[1] and specific conditions of a laboratory test method. They are usually natural or synthetic fabrics that are laminated to or coated with a waterproofing material such as rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), silicone elastomer, fluoropolymers, and wax. • Hidrifugat, Resinat, Indüit, Depernat. Water proof Gore-Tex • Early Gore-Tex fabric with a thin, porous fluoropolymer membrane (Teflon) coating that is bonded to a fabric. This membrane had about 9 billion pores per square inch (around 1.4 billion pores per square centimeter). Each pore is approximately 1/20,000 the size of a water droplet, making it impenetrable to liquid water while still allowing the more autonomous water vapour molecules to pass through due to it is 700 times biger. meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Gore-Tex meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Wind Stopper • Windstopper is a fabric laminate made by W.L. Gore & Associates. It is similar to Gore-Tex, except that it is only windproof and breathable, not waterproof. One of the most common applications is a lamination with Polar fleece, since the lack of wind resistance is one of the principal drawbacks of that fabric. • Windstopper garments are marketed as "softshells" being suited to high- output aerobic activities such as running, cycling or cross-country skiing. Because they are not waterproof, they are more breathable than traditional Gore-Tex clothing. However, because they are based on a solid laminate layer, they remain inherently less breathable than other "softshell" fabrics which provide such as those made by Polartec or Schoeller, which do not use laminates. Of course the drawback to this is those fabrics lose their "windproofness" more quickly than Windstopper clothing. Like most softshell fabrics, Windstopper products are typically coated with DWR (Durable Water Repellent), which provides them with a modest degree of water resistance. They will wet through in heavy rainfall but may be worn comfortably in light drizzle. meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Wind Stopper meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Multi Layer Layered clothing is a manner of dressing using multiple garments that are worn on top of each other. Some of the layers have different, largely nonoverlapping, functions. Using more or fewer layers, or replacing one layer but not others, allows for flexible clothing to match the needs of each situation. Two thin layers can be warmer yet lighter than one thick layer, because the air trapped between layers serves as thermal insulation. Usually at least three layers are identified as follows: • Inner layer provides comfort by keeping the skin dry. Also called base layer or first layer. • Mid layer provides warmth. Also called insulating layer. • Shell layer protects from wind and water. Also called outer layer which works as protection over the other two layers. Often clothes combine two adjacent layers, as in the case of warm undergarments that provide both comfort and insulation. meetup www.barcelonawalking.net Hiking nearby Barcelona www.scenicwalkingbcn.com Inner or Base layer" The purpose of the inner layer is to draw the sweat away from the skin to the next layers, which makes the wearer feel warmer and more comfortable. The transfer of moisture happens due to capillary action. This is sometimes called wicking, and thus the used materials are called wicking materials. When moisture has moved from the skin into (nonabsorbent) clothing, it has more surface area and will evaporate faster. If a piece of clothing does not transfer moisture well, it is not strictly