Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Dominador Dizon Mangao SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Managing Editor Chua Kah Heng SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Advisors Peter Fensham Queensland University of Technology, Australia Kenneth Ruthven Cambridge University, United Kingdom Kenneth Tobin City University of New York, United States Ken Clements Illinois State University, United States Khor Sim Suan Deputy Director (Training Programme) For Centre Director, SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Editors A.L. Chandrasegaran Daniel Leong Chee Kin Curtin University, Australia Institute of Teacher Education Email: [email protected] (Penang Campus), Malaysia Email: [email protected] Akihiko Takahashi De Paul University, Chicago Devadason Robert Peter Email: [email protected] Institute of Teacher Education (Ipoh Campus), Malaysia Charles Bonello Email: [email protected] University of Malta, Malta Email: [email protected] Dorian Stoilescu University of Western Sydney, Australia Cheah Ui Hock Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Foo Lay Kuan Chien Chin Institute of Teacher Education National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan (Penang Campus), Malaysia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Coral Campbell Harkirat Dhindsa Deakin University, Australia University of Western Sydney, Australia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] John Oversby Mohan Chinnappan University of Reading, United Kingdom University of South Australia, Australia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Jon A. Scaife Mohd Hazlie Muhamad University of Sheffield, United Kingdom SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Lee Shok Mee Mohd Nor Syahrir Abdullah SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Lee Yew Jin Murugan Rajoo NIE, Nanyang Technological University, SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Singapore Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Nerida Ellerton Leong Kwan Eu Illinois State University, United States University of Malaya, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Ng Khar Thoe Lim Chap Sam SEAMEO RECSAM Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Norliza Kushairi Mageswary Karpudewan Institute of Teacher Education Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia (Darul Aman Campus), Malaysia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Marteen Dolk Ong Eng Tek Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia The Netherlands Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Peter Hudson Masami Isoda Queensland University of Technology, Australia University of Tsukuba, Japan Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Philip Clarkson Max Walsh Australian Catholic University, Australia Education Consultant, Manila, Philippines Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Robyn Pierce Michael Cavanagh The University of Melbourne, Australia MacQuarie University, Australia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] S. Kanageswari Suppiah Shanmugam Miles Barker Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia University of Waikato, New Zealand Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Sutarto Hadi Toh Tin Lam Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia NIE, Nanyang Technological University Email: [email protected] Singapore Email: [email protected] Takuya Baba Hiroshima University, Japan Ueno Ryoichi Email: [email protected] Malaysia-Japan Higher Education Programme, Malaysia Teh Kim Hong Email: [email protected] SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Wahyudi SEAMEO Center for QITEP in Mathematics, Thien Lei Mee Indonesia Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Warabhorn Preechaporn SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Editorial Assistant Ong Mei Yean SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Publications Manager Wong Lai Cheng SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Publications Assistant Shaneem Kamarudin SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia Cover Design & Typesetting Nur Syafiyah Mohd Kassim SEAMEO RECSAM, Malaysia The Journal of Science and Mathematics Education in Southeast Asia The Journal of Science and Mathematics Education in Southeast Asia (JSMESEA), the official Journal of SEAMEO Regional Centre for Education in Science and Mathematics (RECSAM), is published once a year in December. The Journal serves as a medium for the exchange of ideas and the dissemination of information in science and mathematics education for a wide range of readership. Submission of quality papers relevant to the teaching and learning of science and mathematics at the primary and secondary levels and the areas of teacher-education is invited. All manuscripts are double-blind peer-reviewed before publication. All correspondence, including comments, suggestions, subscriptions, contributions or other related inquiries should be addressed to: Editor-in-Chief SEAMEO RECSAM Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah 11700 Gelugor, Penang MALAYSIA Tel: 60-4-6522700 Fax: 60-4-6522737 E-mail: [email protected] URL:http://www.recsam.edu.my .