Hybrid and Electric Vehicles THE ELECTRIC DRIVE GAINS TRACTION May 2013 www.ieahev.org International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Gains Traction May 2013 www.ieahev.org IA-HEV, also known as the Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes, functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IA-HEV do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. Cover Photo: The Tesla Model S electric vehicle (EV) began retail deliveries in the U.S. in mid-2012. It ranked as the top-selling plug-in electric car in North America curing the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold. (Photo courtesy of Tesla Motors.) The Electric Drive Gains Traction. Cover designer: Kizita Awuakye, New West Technologies, LLC ii www.ieahev.org International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Annual report of the Executive Committee and Task 1 over the year 2012 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Gains Traction Concept and editing: Kristin Abkemeier (Operating Agent Task 1, New West Technologies) Co-editing: Alison Mize (New West Technologies) and the ANL editorial team Design and layout: Kizita Awuakye, New West Technologies Contributing authors: Kristin Abkemeier New West Technologies, LLC United States Markku Antikainen Tekes Finland James Barnes DOE United States David Beeton Urban Foresight United Kingdom Graham Brennan SEAI Ireland Carol Burelle NRCan Canada Mario Conte ENEA Italy Michael Dwyer Energetics, Inc. United States Victor Hug Consultant Denmark Ziga Ivanic Energetics, Inc. United States Gerfried Jungmeier Joanneum Research Austria Peter Kasche Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Martti Korkiakoski Tekes Finland Mikko Koskue Tekes Finland B.J. Kumar Energetics, Inc. USA Juan Fco. Larrazábal Roche IDAE Spain Ignacio Martin CIRCE Spain Alison Mize New West Technologies, LLC United States Carlo Mol VITO Belgium Sonja Munnix Agentschap NL The Netherlands Urs Muntwyler IA-HEV chairman Switzerland Maxime Pasquier ADEME France Luís Reis INTELI Portugal Danilo Santini ANL United States Stephan Schmid DLR Germany Hamdi Ucarol TÜBITAK MRC Turkey Martijn van Walwijk IA-HEV secretary-general France Philipp Walser Association e’mobile Switzerland Tim Ward OLEV United Kingdom Mark-Michael Weltzl A3PS Austria Raman Yousif NRCan Canada www.ieahev.org iii 2012 IA-HEV ANNUAL REPORT Contents Page Contents iv Report structure vi A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message 1 2 The IEA and its Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 14 B: IA-HEV Tasks 3 Task 1 - Information exchange 25 4 Task 10 - Electrochemical systems 29 5 Task 15 - Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 33 6 Task 17 - Electric vehicle system integration 46 7 Task 18 - Electric vehicle ecosystems 50 8 Task 19 - Life cycle assessment for electric vehicles 58 9 Task 20 - Quick charging technology 64 10 Task 21 - Accelerated ageing testing for Li-ion batteries 72 11 Task 22 - E-mobility business models 74 C: Hybrid and electric vehicles (H&EVs) worldwide 12 Overview 77 13 Austria 80 14 Belgium 86 15 Canada 94 16 Denmark 100 17 Finland 106 18 France 111 19 Germany 119 20 Ireland 124 21 Italy 130 22 The Netherlands 135 23 Portugal 143 24 Spain 145 25 Sweden 151 iv www.ieahev.org TABLE OF CONTENTS 26 Switzerland 155 27 Turkey 162 28 United Kingdom 167 29 United States 175 D: Practical information IA-HEV publications 181 Vehicle categories 187 Conversion factors 188 Glossary 191 Abbreviations 212 IA-HEV contact information 223 www.ieahev.org v 2012 IA-HEV ANNUAL REPORT Report structure This report consists of four main parts. Part A “About IA-HEV” describes the Imple- menting Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (IA-HEV), its activities, and its plans for the coming years. The Chairperson’s message in chapter 1 includes a summary of IA-HEV activities in 2012, as well as the current structure of the IA-HEV today. Chapter 2 explains the relationship between IA-HEV and the International Energy Agency (IEA), as well as describing the IA-HEV history, results, and current working programme. Part B “IA-HEV Tasks” presents the results of the work that is performed by the task forces, called Tasks, working under this Agreement to conduct research into specific topics of particular relevance to hybrid and electric vehicles. A general picture of hybrid and electric vehicles (H&EVs) around the globe is paint- ed in part C, “H&EVs worldwide”. The first chapter (12) in this section gives the most recently available H&EV statistical information from all 17 member countries. More detailed information on H&EV activities in each IA-HEV member country is presented in chapters 13 through 29. Finally, Part D gives practical information related to hybrid and electric vehicles and the Agreement, including a list of IA-HEV publications, definitions of vehicle categories, conversion factors for H&EV related units, a glossary of terms, abbrevia- tions, and contact information of the IA-HEV Executive Committee and Task Oper- ating Agents. vi www.ieahev.org 1 Chairperson’s Message The Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric vehicles (IA- HEV) is one of 42 technology collaboration programs of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Now with 18 member countries from Europe, North America, and Asia, we launched in 1993 and are now halfway through our fourth term that began in December 2009 and will finish at the end of February 2015. IA-HEV is well on its way towards achieving the current term’s objectives (listed in Box 1.1) of collaborat- ing on producing and disseminating new knowledge and information on hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs and EVs). Box 1.1 IA HEV objectives for the fourth phase (2009 – 2015) 1. To produce objective information for policy and decision makers on hybrid and electric vehicle technology, projects and programs, and their effects on energy efficiency and the environment. 2. To disseminate the information produced to the IEA community, national governments, in- dustries, and as long as the information is not confidential, to other organizations that have an interest. 3. To collaborate on pre-competitive research projects and related topics and to investigate the need for further research in promising areas. 4. To collaborate with other transportation-related IEA Implementing Agreements (in Tasks, or joint Tasks), and to collaborate with specific groups or committees with an interest in trans- portation, vehicles, and fuels. 5. To be a platform for reliable information on hybrid and electric vehicles. Over the past year, as the international EV market has grown, more and more coun- tries are asking about how to participate in IA-HEV. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was invited to join our Implementing Agreement in October 2012, and offi- cially became a member in April 2013. During the year we welcomed many observ- ers and prospective members at our meetings, many from Asian countries. Asia is an important player in the transition from internal combustion engines (ICE) to the elec- tric vehicle (EV), and we hope to see more participation in IA-HEV from this region. In summer 2012, IA-HEV signed a collaboration agreement with the Electric Ve- hicles Initiative (EVI) of the Clean Energy Ministerial. EVI is a forum for global co-operation on EV development and deployment. The IEA’s Paris headquarters office coordinates the data transfer work. The EVI member countries as of early 2013 are China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Neth- erlands, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK), and the www.ieahev.org 1 2012 IA-HEV ANNUAL REPORT United States (US). EVI seeks to facilitate the global deployment of 20 million EVs by 2020, including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). IA-HEV is cooperating with EVI as an observer, and many countries are members of both organizations. Transition from ICE to EVs All of the IA-HEV member countries along with the entire world are in the initial stages of transitioning from reliance on ICE vehicles to more sustainable transport modes such as EVs. The progress in the past few years has been remarkable, but we are still in the early stages of the transition. It will take patience and determined ef- fort from all EV stakeholders to overcome technology, financial, market, and policy challenges. IA-HEV continues to work to build a solid foundation for EVs to be- come mainstream. Governments can offer tax incentives and other subsidies, but ultimately it is con- sumers who will determine whether EVs succeed as a viable transport option. Au- tomotive OEMs will manufacture and sell vehicles as the market demands, so they are making big investments in building new EV and PHEV models. There is a huge amount of potential for new industry growth, but as with any new industry, there is high risk for investors. It will take considerable work to adapt the current auto industry and supporting in- dustries to a new world of electromobility. Research and development (R&D) invest- ment in HEV and EV technology will grow along with the need to train an EV work- force, from the mechanics who work on EVs, to building the natural resource supply chain needed to make advanced batteries for EVs. As markets shift from using fossil fuels, the fossil fuel companies are competing with emerging EV electricity markets. So, oil companies and the associated industries may view electricity markets that supply EVs as competitors.