United Nations S/2013/413 Security Council Distr.: General 12 July 2013 Original: English Letter dated 12 July 2013 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, and in accordance with paragraph 13 (m) of Security Council resolution 2060 (2012), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if the present letter, together with its enclosure, were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Kim Sook Chairman Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea 13-36185 (E) 150713 *1336185* S/2013/413 Letter dated 19 June 2013 from the members of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea We have the honour to transmit herewith the report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea, in accordance with paragraph 13 (m) of Security Council resolution 2060 (2012). (Signed) Jarat Chopra Coordinator Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (Signed) Jeanine Lee Brudenell Finance Expert (Signed) Emmanuel Deisser Arms Expert (Signed) Aurélien Llorca Transport Expert (Signed) Dinesh Mahtani Finance Expert (Signed) Jörg Roofthooft Maritime Expert (Signed) Babatunde Taiwo Armed Groups Expert (Signed) Kristèle Younès Humanitarian Expert 2 13-36185 S/2013/413 Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council resolution 2060 (2012): Somalia Contents Page Abbreviations.................................................................. 6 Summary..................................................................... 7 I. Introduction ................................................................... 10 A. Mandate .................................................................. 10 B. Methodology .............................................................. 10 II. Acts that threaten the peace, security and stability of Somalia .......................... 11 A. Harakaat al-Shabaab al-Mujaahidiin ........................................... 11 B. Al-Shabaab as a regional and international threat ................................ 14 C. Spoiler networks in Somalia ................................................. 17 D. Piracy and kidnap for ransom ................................................ 19 E. Public sector financial mismanagement and corruption............................ 23 III. Violations of the arms embargo ................................................... 26 A. Arms shipments to Somalia .................................................. 26 B. Foreign military operations in Somalia ......................................... 27 C. Non-compliance ........................................................... 29 D. Private security companies................................................... 30 IV. Obstruction of humanitarian assistance ............................................. 31 A. Denial of access and attacks on aid workers..................................... 32 B. Diversion and misappropriation of humanitarian assistance ........................ 32 C. Best practices.............................................................. 33 V. Violations of international humanitarian law ........................................ 34 A. Attacks on civilians......................................................... 34 B. Gender-based violence ...................................................... 35 C. Child soldiers ............................................................. 36 D. Forcible displacement or confinement ......................................... 36 VI. Violations of the ban on charcoal.................................................. 38 VII. Obstruction of the investigations or work of the Monitoring Group...................... 39 VIII. Sanctions list .................................................................. 41 IX. State and non-State cooperation with the Monitoring Group............................ 41 X. Recommendations .............................................................. 43 13-36185 3 S/2013/413 Annexes* 1. Harakaat al-Shabaab al-Mujaahidiin............................................... 47 1.1. Al-Shabaab areas of control and influence, and security incidents related to Al-Shabaab.. 48 1.2. Al-Shabaab structure........................................................ 50 1.3. Al-Shabaab recruitment and training........................................... 66 1.4. Foreign fighters with Al-Shabaab............................................. 68 1.5. Al-Shabaab tactics, techniques and procedures.................................. 73 1.6. Al-Shabaab media strategy................................................... 79 1.7. Case study: Al-Shabaab in “Puntland”......................................... 88 2. Al-Shabaab as a regional and international threat**.................................. 97 2.1. Al Hijra (formerly known as the Muslim Youth Centre)........................... 98 3. Spoiler networks in Somalia...................................................... 99 3.1. Spoiler networks in northern Somalia.......................................... 100 3.2. Spoiler networks in central Somalia........................................... 115 3.3. Spoiler networks in southern Somalia.......................................... 119 3.4. Spoiler networks and the Somali security services................................ 129 4. Piracy and kidnap for ransom..................................................... 132 4.1. Fleeing pirates after a failed attack (2 April 2013)................................ 133 4.2. President of Somalia letter of 28 February 2013................................. 134 4.3. Ship Security Certificate (Mogadishu)......................................... 135 4.4. Pirate financier**.......................................................... 136 4.5. Pirate negotiator**......................................................... 137 4.6. Pirate negotiator**......................................................... 138 4.7. Pirate facilitator**.......................................................... 139 4.8. Pirate facilitator**.......................................................... 140 4.9. Pirate negotiator**......................................................... 141 4.10. Pirate network linkages**.................................................... 142 5. Misappropriation of public financial resources....................................... 143 5.1. Corruption during the 2012 end of transition process............................. 144 5.2. Public financial mismanagement and corruption................................. 154 5.3. Passport production, corruption and fraud...................................... 202 5.4. Mogadishu port revenue diversion............................................. 217 5.5. Somalia’s petroleum sector: threats to peace and security and corruption risks........ 241 4 13-36185 S/2013/413 6. Violations of the arms embargo................................................... 274 6.1. Arms shipments to Somalia.................................................. 275 6.2. Non-compliant States and organizations........................................ 315 6.3. Private security companies................................................... 346 7. Obstruction of humanitarian assistance............................................. 362 7.1. Denial of access and attacks on aid workers**................................... 363 7.2. Diversion and misappropriation of humanitarian assistance........................ 364 8. Violations of international humanitarian law........................................ 373 8.1. Attacks on civilians......................................................... 374 8.2. Gender-based violence...................................................... 409 9. Violations of the ban on charcoal.................................................. 420 9.1. Overview................................................................. 421 9.2. Somali charcoal exportation and trade......................................... 439 9.3. Vessels that have exported charcoal from Somalia................................ 485 * The annexes are being circulated in the language of submission only. ** The annex has not been reproduced in the present document because it is strictly confidential. 13-36185 5 S/2013/413 Abbreviations AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia ENDF Ethiopian National Defence Forces FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations KDF Kenya Defence Forces MSF Médecins san Frontières NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNSOM United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia 6 13-36185 S/2013/413 Summary The end of transition in Somalia in summer 2012, though fragile and flawed, nevertheless led to the election of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as President and presented an opportunity for a new kind of leadership in the country. However, a genuine end of transition necessitated both a change in individual leadership