CULTURAL HERITAGE 8 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 8-1 Scope of this Report ............................................................................................................................... 8-1 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 8-2 Desk Based Research .............................................................................................................................. 8-2 Field-based research ............................................................................................................................... 8-3 Scoping and Consultations ...................................................................................................................... 8-3 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ............................................................................... 8-3 Relevant Legislation, Policy and Guidance .............................................................................................. 8-5 BASELINE CONDITIONS .............................................................................................................. 8-13 Designated Heritage Assets .................................................................................................................. 8-13 Archaeological Background .................................................................................................................. 8-23 Geophysical Survey ............................................................................................................................... 8-37 Test Pitting and Trenching .................................................................................................................... 8-40 DIRECT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION ............................................................................................ 8-42 Direct Impacts ....................................................................................................................................... 8-42 Mitigation of Direct Impacts ................................................................................................................. 8-42 ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS UPON DESIGNATED ASSETS ................................................................ 8-44 Scope. ...................................................................................................................... …………………………..8-44 Registered Historic Landscapes ............................................................................................................ 8-45 Candidate World Heritage Site ............................................................................................................. 8-46 Assessment of Indirect Effects Upon Other Designated Assets ............................................................ 8-47 Cumulative and Combined Impacts ...................................................................................................... 8-55 ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS ........................................................................................................... 8-55 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 8-59 Scope of Work and Results ................................................................................................................... 8-59 Direct Effects upon Archaeology and Mitigation .................................................................................. 8-59 Effects upon Designated Heritage Assets ............................................................................................. 8-60 Cumulative and Combined Effects ........................................................................................................ 8-61 CULTURAL HERITAGE 8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 8-61 CULTURAL HERITAGE 8 INTRODUCTION This report, prepared by Andrew Josephs Associates on behalf of Breedon Southern Ltd, presents the findings of a cultural heritage assessment for a proposed lateral extension to Penrhyn Quarry and changes to the form of two tips (as described in Chapter 3 above). Scope of this Report Overview of the Proposed Development 8.1 The proposals involve a small lateral extension to Penrhyn Quarry. The centre of the Proposed Extension Area (PEA) is at approximately NGR SH 6090 6380. The PEA comprises approximately 4.3ha of rough grazing. 8.2 In addition the application addresses the tipping of mineral wastes at the quarry. A recent review of the tipping arrangements has identified a shortfall in the capacity within the approved tips and revised tipping schemes have been prepared to accommodate this requirement. It is therefore proposed to increase the height of two of the current tips this will involve approximately 32ha of land. Together these are referred below as ‘The Site’. Where important to discriminate between the different components of the Site, they are separated in discussion as ‘The PEA, Tip 1 and Tip 2 (the Southern Quarry Tip’. The Site is shown on Figure 8.3. 8.3 The working scheme is set out in detail in chapter 3 of this Volume, together with working and restoration plans. Geology, Soils and Land Use of the PEA 8.4 The upland environment of the PEA is dominated by boulders probably derived from glacial activity at the end of the last Ice Age, forming a terrace on which features of archaeological interest are located. This is orientated approximately north-east to south-west and to the north and west is unenclosed peat bog, while to the south and south east are rising mountain slopes. To the east and north east is the current quarry. 8.5 Soils are defined as very acid loamy upland soils with a wet peaty surface and locally poorly drained (Soilscapes). Drift geology is Till overlying bedrock of the Padarn Tuff Formation comprising interbedded Siltstone And Limestone (BGS). Scope of Cultural Heritage 8.6 Cultural heritage is represented by a wide range of assets and features that result from past human use of the landscape. These include historic structures, many still in use, above ground and buried archaeological monuments and remains of all periods, artefacts of anthropological origin and evidence that can help reconstruct past human environments. In its broadest form cultural heritage is represented by the landscape and townscape itself. Page 8-1 Penrhyn Quarry – Volume 2A CULTURAL HERITAGE 8 8.7 The assessment considers both direct and indirect effects upon cultural heritage. Indirect effects can occur as a result of changes to the setting of a landscape or asset, whether permanent or temporary. This is particularly relevant to designated cultural heritage assets, such as World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, Registered Parks and Gardens and Registered Historic Landscapes. Authorship 8.8 This Assessment and Heritage Statement has been written by Andrew Josephs, Ian Meadows and David Robertson of Andrew Josephs Associates (AJA), a consultancy specialising in archaeology and cultural heritage founded in 2002. 8.9 Andrew Josephs is Managing Director of AJA and has extensive experience of all periods and facets of cultural heritage, including the authorship of over 900 Heritage Statements. He was previously Principal Consultant (Director of Heritage and Archaeology) at AMEC (now Wood) and Wardell Armstrong, where he started in 1992, becoming of the UK’s first consultants in the post-PPG16 era of developer-funded archaeology. Prior to 1992, he worked as a field-based archaeologist and researcher for universities and units in the UK, Europe and the USA. He graduated with a BA (Honours) in Archaeology and Environmental Studies in 1985 from the University of Wales Lampeter. He has a specific interest in medieval and industrial archaeology. 8.10 Ian Meadows, BA Archaeology and Geology, Dip.Mus, is an archaeologist with over 30 years’ experience in a variety of professional areas. He was Senior Project Officer with Northamptonshire Archaeology (now MOLA) from 1992 until 2014 when he joined AJA. Ian is highly experienced project manager of large landscape projects such as long running quarries. Ian has a particular interest in the Roman period and is currently Director of the excavations at Irchester Roman town. 8.11 In addition to his fieldwork he is engaged in regular outreach sessions to both professional and amateur groups as part of his role dealing with both adults and children. He has been teaching archaeology and landscape history to adults and children since the late 1980’s, previously being engaged as a tutor by Cambridge University, Anglia Ruskin University, Bath University and the WEA and feels it is important to disseminate the information derived from projects to a wider audience. 8.12 David Robertson has worked as a heritage consultant since August 2018, writing desk-based assessments, preparing Environment Statement chapters and providing advice on the historic environment implications of a broad range of developments. Prior to this he was Historic Environment Planning Officer for Norfolk County Council Historic Environment Service for 12 years and led on rural heritage for the Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers (from January