Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized SOMALI JOINT NEEDS ASSESSMENT PRODUCTIVE SECTORS AND ENVIRONMENT CLUSTER REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized April, 2007 Public Disclosure Authorized ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADO Agricultural Development Organization ACP Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP countries are signatories of the Lomé Convention) BDS Business Development Services ARDOPIS Agricultural Rehabilitation and Diversification of High Potential Irrigation Schemes in Africa ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa BSF Belgium Survival Fund CAHWs Community Animal Health Workers CDD Community-Driven Development CEFA European Committee for Agricultural Training CEM Country Economic Memorandum CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DLCO Desert Locust Control Organization DSBC Dubai Somali Business Council EBA Everything but Arms EC European Community EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union EXCELEX Export and Certification of Livestock for Export (Livestock Export Inspection Program for Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Somalia) FOB Free On Board GDP Gross Domestic Product GECPD Galkayo Education Center for Peace and Development HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ICAO International Civil Airlines Association ICT Information and Communication Technology ITU International Telecommunication Union IUCN World Conservation Union IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEWS Food Early Warning System FSAU Food Security Analysis Unit JNA Joint Needs Assessment JOSS Jowhar Off-Stream Storage KEPHIS Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services MDG Millennium Development Goal MFI Microfinance Institution MoLAE Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture, and the Environment MPAs Marine Protected Areas NECFISH North East Coastal Fishing Company NGO Nongovernmental Organization NIADP Northwest Integrated Agricultural Development Project OIE Organization Internationale Epizootique PACE Pan African Campaign for the Control of Epizootics PACSU Project Assistance, Capacity Building and Supervision Unit PSE Productive Sectors and Environment SAHSP Somalia Animal Health Services Project SAGRA Somali Agricultural Association SATG Somalia Agricultural Technical Group SLSS Somali Livestock Sector Strategy SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SNRS Somali National Region States STA Somali Telecommunication Association SWALIM Somalia Water and Land Information Management TFG Transitional Federal Government TRA Telecommunications Regulatory Authority UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UAE United Arab Emirates USAID United States Agency for International Assistance UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea VDC Village Development Committee VSF Veterinnaire sans Frontieres WB World Bank WTO World Trade Organization WUA Water Users Association ii Table of Contents ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... vi FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................... viii SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. ix Conclusions .......................................................................................................................x The Environment ......................................................................................................... x The Livestock Sector ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Agriculture and Watersheds ...................................................................................... xi Fishing Industry ........................................................................................................xii Women in the Productive Sectors .............................................................................xii Implementation Capacity ......................................................................................... xiv Investing for Results .................................................................................................. xv Recommendations ...........................................................................................................xv 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 Objectives and Scope .................................................................................................................1 Linkages of the Productive Sectors to the Environment and to Other Clusters <<B>> ............1 Achieving Millennium Development Goals ..............................................................................2 Building on the Paris Declaration ..............................................................................................2 Structure of Report .....................................................................................................................2 2. NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT ............................................... 3 Overview of Priority Issues .......................................................................................................3 Severe Stress on Water Resources .............................................................................................4 Forests and Rangelands under Sustained Attack .......................................................................5 Natural Forests and Rangelands ................................................................................5 Charcoal Production ..................................................................................................6 Gums and Resins .........................................................................................................8 Marine Resources Unsustainably Exploited ..............................................................................8 Biodiversity and Protected Areas...............................................................................................9 Waste Management ..................................................................................................................11 Legal Systems and Institutional Framework............................................................................12 Judicial Practice .......................................................................................................12 Institutions.................................................................................................................13 International Environmental Agreements <<B>> ...................................................................13 Regional Cooperation <<B>> ..................................................................................................15 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................15 Common Challenges .................................................................................................15 Principles for Actions to Achieve Results .................................................................16 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................16 iii 3. PRODUCTIVE SECTORS IN THE ECONOMY .......................................................... 17 Agriculture Dominates the Value of Production .....................................................................17 Agriculture the Basis for Most Exports ...................................................................................18 Agriculture Accounts for Most Employment ..........................................................................19 4. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR AGRICULTURE ............................... 20 Somaliland ...............................................................................................................................20 Livestock ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Crops and Watershed Management ..........................................................................35 Fisheries ....................................................................................................................38 Puntland ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Livestock ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Crops and Watershed Management ..........................................................................40 Fisheries ....................................................................................................................44 South Central Somalia ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Livestock ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Crops and Watershed Management ..........................................................................47