THE HUMAN BODY : ANATOMICAL REGIONS , DIRECTIONS , AND BODY CAVITIES TEMPILE COLLEGE - - - TEM PLE HUTTO TAYLOR Overview of Anatomy and Physiology •• AnatomyAnatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another – Gross or macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental •• PhysiologyPhysiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery GROSS ANATOMY •• RegionalRegional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) •• SystemicSystemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY •• CytologyCytology – study of the cell •• HistologyHistology – study of tissues PHYSIOLOGY •• ConsidersConsiders thethe operationoperation ofof specificspecific organorgan systemssystems – Renal – kidney function – Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system – Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels •• FocusesFocuses onon thethe functions ofof thethe body,body, oftenoften atat thethe cellularcellular oror molecularmolecular levellevel PHYSIOLOGY • Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY • Function always reflects structure • What a structure can do depends on its specific structure!! LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION I Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms 01 Chemical level Atoms combine to Smooth form molecules muscle tissue Hear 3 Tissue level Cardiovascular t Tissues consist of system similar types of cells Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth Blood muscle vessel tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level Connective The human organism is tissue made up of many organ systems 04 Organ level Organs are made up of 5 Organ system level different types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Figure 1.1 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION •• ChemicalChemical – atoms combined to form molecules •• CellularCellular – cells are made of molecules •• TissueTissue – consists of similar types of cells •• OrganOrgan – made up of different types of tissues •• OrganOrgan systemsystem – consists of different organs that work closely together •• OrganismalOrganismal – made up of the organ systems ANATOMICAL POSITION • Body erect • Feet slightly apart • Palms facing forward • Thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a DIRECTIONAL TERMS •• SuperiorSuperior andand inferiorinferior – toward and away from the head, respectively •• Anterior andand posteriorposterior – toward the front and back of the body •• Medial,Medial, lateral,lateral, andand intermediateintermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure DIRECTIONAL TERMS •• ProximalProximal andand distaldistal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body •• SuperficialSuperficial andand deepdeep – toward and away from the body surface Table 1.1 DIRECTIONAL TERMS ABLE 1.11 Orientati0'~1and Directional Terms Term Definition Example Superior ,(cranial) Toward lie head e11d or The head is s perior to the abdom e up per pa rt of a s ructrne or the body: above I ferior (caudal} Away from the ead end or The ave I is inferior to the chi toward · e lower part of a structure or t e body; be­ ow An erior ,(ventral)* Toward or a rie front of The breastbone is ant ,eri or o trie spine the body; in frorit of Posterior (dorsa )* Tow.ardor at the back of The heart is. posterior to t e breastbon-e e body; be ind Me dial Toward or a1!: the midline The heart is media I to the arm of the body; on t e inner side of "W'here~!J. the term!;; ve.n fi;lf en.cl ..i.nterior ..ire SlJTionym,ous . in h1.1 m.m!;;, tl,i !;; is not the case rn fo r-l egg,e,,;;l .mim~ls. li<;'lltra,r s,pe~iii' .;..illy refer!;; to e "lbe lfy .. of a vertebrate .ammal aJ11d thus is the ' ferior :s,.mface o ' four-legged animals. L' ewise, althoug ttie dorsal and p □ slte rmr surfo1.ces .a re ~e same, in umans. the term dorsal spe,cifically fe.rs to a a n,ima 's back.. IJIS, tna dorsail surfa ~e of · ou -leg oo nimals cs the -r superror su fac:,e, . DIRECTIONAL TERMS Table 1.1 I BLE 1.1 Orientation and o,irectionalll 'Terms Term Defin "ti,on Example L,neral Away rom 'the - idl"ne e ar s a,re late rail to the -est o f he· body; on I e ou-er s ide o ' lmerme di ate Betv~ee a · ore medial The collarbone is i rnrm edia1 e between and a mo re latera I the b-eastbone and s.hou Ider s iructiu r-e Proxi al Cl-oser w the origin o' · the The e Ib-ow is proxim a I to the wris body part o r t he po i1n , of attachmem o-f ai lim b w the body t ru k D ist.al F 61 1 her fro m the origin of a The knee is dis ail to -he h igh body at o r the point of a tt~chm en of ai lim b -o the body trnill k Supe ci~I (ex er­ Toward or a - the body The .sik: in. is supe id~ I , o he ske 1-e ail a I} surface muscles D,e@'p (i ntema I) Away from th@ body surface: ore i nte mail BODY PLANES •• SagittalSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts •• MidsagittalMidsagittal oror medialmedial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline •• FrontalFrontal oror coronalcoronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts •• TransverseTransverse oror horizontalhorizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts •• ObliqueOblique sectionsection – cuts made diagonally BODY PLANES Figure 1.8 Fron •. I [pl ne . taJ, Fronlal section ·1hrough (b) Tran _ · · sedion lhfouah t'. c) IM dian torso torso !s11pe1ior ym w) (mi'dsagittal) section ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY •• HumansHumans varyvary slightlyslightly inin bothboth externalexternal andand internalinternal anatomyanatomy • Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: – Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place – Small muscles may be missing • ExtremeExtreme anatomicalanatomical variationsvariations areare seldomseldom seenseen BODY CAVITIES 1ranial caviily -----;:., (c,onta1ins brain) Dorsal body ,cavity -.---1ho1r,ack cavity (contains heart: and lungs) -----Diaphragm Vertebral! cavlity ---------= (contains .spi1naf ,c,o'rd) Ab ctomlnall cavlity (oonta1ins digestive viiscer.a) Key Dorsal body ,cavity ~ :;.----Pe'lvi·c caviily (contains bl!add'e:r, rep'r,oducUve ■ Ventral body cavity org:arns, and 1rectum) Figure 1.9a fa)- Lat.eral v· ew BODY CAVITIES •• DorsalDorsal cavitycavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions – Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain – Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord •• Ventral cavitycavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities BODY CAVITIES Figure 1.9b l! cavity ----------~ Pericardia! cavity wl1hln ------:-====~~ ~ =­ Uie medlastl mum Ven·tral body cavity (ttloraci c ,aind Abdom·nall caviity --------:-­ abdomii1nopelvic (contai ms d1ige.stive v1iscera)1 Abdomiinopelviic cavi'IIJies) C8iVity Pelvic cavity--------~=-~ (contains b!ladlder, teptodu:cUve organs, Key; andl tectiuli!n) ■ IDorsal body caviity ■ Ventral body caviity BODY CAVITIES •• ThoracicThoracic cavitycavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity – Pleural cavities – each houses a lung – Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs – Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart BODY CAVITIES •• TheThe abdominopelvicabdominopelvic cavitycavity isis separatedseparated from thethe superiorsuperior thoracicthoracic cavitycavity byby thethe domedome-shaped-shaped diaphragmdiaphragm • It is composed of two subdivisions – Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs – Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum OTHER BODY CAVITIES •• OralOral andand digestivedigestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs •• NasalNasal –located within and posterior to the nose •• OrbitalOrbital – house the eyes •• MiddleMiddle earear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations •• SynovialSynovial – joint cavities ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS • Umbilical • Epigastric • Hypogastric • Right and left iliac or inguinal ,, Riglht Left hypocli'tondrd ao Ep,igastric lh)'lpoe '.hondlriac • Right and left lumbar regi·on 1~ ion regio1n • Right and left Left hypochondriac Rig t Umbi1llical lumbar 1reg1io11 lt1mbar regi'o1n reg•loni Fl i'ghrt ii iac Hrypogastric llefl: l1lllac (ringuiina ) (pubic) (lrngu lrnal), region region reg om Figure 1.11a ORGANS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS .~--Transverse colon ......,,,.,_.....,,,. of llarge iintestine rirng colon of large iintesti ne ~ -i!----- IDesoerndlirng1col1c::m of llarge irrntestine ....J;,-- I1niitiall part of sig mo 1d colon Figure 1.11b ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS • Right upper (RUQ) • Left upper (LUQ) • Right lower (RLQ) • Left lower (LLQ) Right up,per--tTs =;ii .........~~~~ - Left up,per quadrant q1uad1rant Right lower ----11-,__..,_ liti't-. ,,.......,---1--....+-""'+- Left lower quadrant q1uadrant Figure 1.12 QUESTIONS? Figure 1.12 .