University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications and Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design Art, Art History and Design, School of 2009 Easier Said than Done--Returning Stolen Art to Its Owners: Review of Michael J. Kurtz, America and the Return of Nazi Contraband: The Recovery of Europe's Cultural Treasures Alison Stewart University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artfacpub Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Stewart, Alison, "Easier Said than Done--Returning Stolen Art to Its Owners: Review of Michael J. Kurtz, America and the Return of Nazi Contraband: The Recovery of Europe's Cultural Treasures" (2009). Faculty Publications and Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design. 11. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artfacpub/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art, Art History and Design, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Michael J. Kurtz. America and the Return of Nazi Contraband: The Recovery of Europe's Cultural Treasures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 264 pp. $78.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-521-84982-1. Reviewed by Alison G. Stewart (Department of Art History, University of Nebraska-Lincoln) Published on H-German (December, 2009) Commissioned by Susan R. Boettcher Easier Said than Done{Returning Stolen Art to Its Owners The return of \cultural treasures" stolen by the under the organizational hand of Craig Smyth, one National Socialists is the subject of a burgeoning field of the \monuments men." Nicholas's book ends on in print and film; Michael J. Kurtz's book of 1985 the same note as Kurtz's, as she writes that \The is here revised and updated to include the events search for missing works of art still goes on," and of recent decades: the end of the Soviet Union and that \[n]ever had works of art been so important to a a divided Germany, along with the reemergence of political movement and never had they been moved looted art and lawsuits seeking to reclaim it.[1] As about on such a vast scale."[3] Kurtz states in his introduction, \cultural restitution Other recent examples of work on art restitution is an ongoing phenomenon" (p. x). This situation focus on case studies of specific artwork belonging is all too clear from Kurtz's book and parallel devel- to a particular family. Robert M. Edsel's Rescuing opments in the last few years. This extremely rich da Vinci (2006) explores the history of Leonardo da work continues to be of value to specialist readers, Vinci's early-sixteenth-century Mona Lisa for exam- but non-specialists might find the book occasionally ple, and the story of Maria Altmann's successful law- dense enough to make it difficult going. suit to regain paintings by Gustav Klimt that had Scholarly and public awareness of this topic has been stolen by Nazis from her uncle's Vienna apart- grown markedly in the last decade or so, and in the ment in 1938 is told in the film Adele's Wish of 2008. interval since Kurtz's first edition, published as Nazi The film humanizes Altmann's story through inter- Contraband (1985), new work has appeared on sev- views with the parties involved in the lawsuit, from eral of the incidents Kurtz discusses. For instance, the lawyers and the film's director to historians of the the topic of repatriating art was addressed in Rape of World War II period and art. Europa (1994), in which Lynn Nicholas showed how, The most recent work in the area of restitution, over a dozen years, the Nazis stole everything they however, is presented in the current exhibition at the could put their hands on, including art work of all Jewish Museum in New York, organized by Peter Sut- kinds, and how professionals who cared for this art ton and the Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Connecti- turned to save it from destruction. Nicholas's tour- cut, \Reclaimed: Paintings from the Collection of de-force book was turned into a film in 2006, one sup- Jacques Goudstikker."[4] Goudstikker, an art dealer ported by public television and today offering a help- and collector who fled the Nazis in Amsterdam in ful educational Web site.[2] Nicholas's book begins 1940 with his wife D´esiand their young son, died af- with a 1939 art auction in Lucerne, where reactions ter a freak shipboard accident when the ship his fam- ranged from avoidance, since proceeds were believed ily was on was prevented from landing at Dover be- to go to the Nazis, to support, since purchasing the cause its passengers lacked proper visas. In Amster- artwork protected it from them. The book ends with dam, the Goudstikkers' assets were obtained by Nazis the late 1940s, when plans were put into action to working under Alfred Rosenberg via forced sales, and turn the U. S. Army's Central Art Collection Point sold in turn to Hermann G¨oring (who put them in in Munich, the earlier National Socialist headquar- his private museum) and others. In 1943 the Lon- ters, into the Zentralinstitut fur¨ Kunstgeschichte, to- don Declaration set the stage for the return of looted day Germany's major research center for art history, works to the governments of their owners. Despite 1 H-Net Reviews attempts to reclaim her family's confiscated paint- tion of cultural property came into existence during ings from the Dutch government, however, D´esi had the American Civil War. The Lieber Code, as it was no success. Years later, in 1997, her son's widow, called, was the foundation for the Brussels Confer- Marei von Saher, began the process of claiming the ence of 1874, but was never ratified. It stated that paintings. Jacques' small notebook inventory of his all cultural and educational property, whether pri- collection proved crucial to the family's claim. In vate or state-owned, was exempt from seizure. The 1998 the Washington Conference on Nazi Looted As- Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 issued articles sets opened discussion of the return of these artworks protecting property and forbidding pillaging, seizure, worldwide. In 2006 the Dutch government finally re- or destruction of various institutions, including the turned 200 of the approximately 1,400 paintings in religious and educational, and \historic monuments, the Goudstikkers' collection, but the search for re- [and] works of art and science" (p. 8). Specifically maining items continues. prohibited was seizure of private property. Looters and pillagers during World War I ignored the Hague Kurtz's book follows the thread of these works, Conventions. Sometimes works were protected by draws on them, and expands the historical picture sending them elsewhere, which happened to Jan van they form by showing how restitution of art and other Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece (1432), an important North- cultural works (archival documents, manuscripts, and ern Renaissance painting, sections of which were sent Torah scrolls and their decorations) continues to be to Germany, a practice repeated in World War II. made, and how the National Socialists managed to Agreement in the 1930s about wartime preservation steal such huge numbers of these objects. In building of cultural property among members of the League on Nicholas's work, Kurtz expands on her chronology of Nations, which resulted in the 1938 \International to include chapters on the disbursal of Jewish prop- Agreement to Protect Arts and Monuments in Times erty, often in cases where no heirs survived; the Cold of War," became meaningless when Germany, Japan, War; and the situation in the United States (chapters and Italy withdrew from the League and war broke 8-10). Like Nicholas, Kurtz offers a broad view based out. The destruction that followed through 1945 was, on a particular set of documents: While Nicholas cen- as Kurtz states, \beyond anything heretofore experi- tered her research on archival materials in the Na- enced or imagined" (p. 11), and Europe's cultural tional Gallery of Art and the National Archives in heritage was moved all over the map and partially Washington DC, Kurtz mined the U.S. military oc- destroyed. cupation records in the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. Kurtz discusses (in chapter 2{the richest but also most dense chapter of the work) the Nazi regime's Kurtz's book is divided into four parts: \Crisis ideology of race and Aryan and Germanic cultural and Response" (part 1) explores the history of resti- superiority, and the ideological role that art and cul- tution and Nazi looting, and responses to the crisis; ture played as an expression of these. Art belonged \First Efforts" (part 2) addresses the early years of to the superior race; if it was in other hands, Ger- the occupation; \America Leads" (part 3) explores mans had a right to it. National Socialist laws led the immediate postwar years; and the \Cold War not only to the seizure of art, but to the dispersal and Beyond" (part 4) the years since. Fifteen in- of human capital: quickly, Jews were prevented from teresting black-and-white illustrations depict looted working in positions at universities, museums, and li- Torah scrolls, \monuments men," the Zentralinstitut braries. Art historians like Erwin Panofsky and Max fur¨ Kunstgeschichte with looted works in it (where J. Friedl¨ander fled to the United States and Amster- library books now stand), a helpful glossary of terms dam, never to return.