International Aspects Of the History of Earthquake Engineering Part I February 12, 2008 Draft Robert Reitherman Executive Director Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering This draft contains Part I: Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Japan The planned contents of Part II are chapters 3 through 6 on China, India, Italy, and Turkey. Oakland, California 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................i Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 “Earthquake Engineering”.......................................................................................................1 “International” ........................................................................................................................3 Why Study the History of Earthquake Engineering?................................................................4 Earthquake Engineering History is Fascinating .......................................................................5 A Reminder of the Value of Thinking .....................................................................................6 Engineering Can Be Narrow, History is Broad ........................................................................6 Respect: Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due ..........................................................................7 The Importance of Individuals As Well As Trends..................................................................8 History Makes One Think About the Future............................................................................9 Chronology Tables................................................................................................................10 General Historical Context ........................................................................................10 Earthquake Engineering.............................................................................................11 Earthquakes...............................................................................................................11 Chronology and History, Kinematics and Dynamics .............................................................11 Why Only the Selected Countries?........................................................................................12 Why the Emphasis on the Early Years?.................................................................................15 The End of (Earthquake Engineering) History? .....................................................................17 Chapter 2 Japan ........................................................................................................................22 1850 – 1900 ..........................................................................................................................26 General Historical Context: 1850-1900 .............................................................................26 The University of Tokyo ...............................................................................................29 Earthquake Engineering: 1850-1900..................................................................................30 William Edward Ayrton ................................................................................................31 John Perry .....................................................................................................................31 James Alfred Ewing ......................................................................................................32 Cargill Gilston Knott.....................................................................................................32 Thomas Lomar Gray .....................................................................................................33 Thomas Corwin Mendenhall .........................................................................................33 John Milne ....................................................................................................................33 Development of Seismographs ......................................................................................36 Seikei Sekiya.................................................................................................................38 Fusakichi Omori............................................................................................................39 Akitsune Imamura.........................................................................................................42 Bunjiro Koto .................................................................................................................43 Dairoku Kikuchi............................................................................................................45 Engineering and Construction Technology Context .......................................................45 Rise of Big Five Architecture-Engineering-Construction Firms.....................................49 Summary of the Contribution of Key Individuals ..........................................................50 Earthquakes: 1850-1900....................................................................................................51 2 1855 Tokyo Earthquake.................................................................................................52 1880 Yokohama Earthquake..........................................................................................52 1891 Mino-Owari Earthquake .......................................................................................53 1896 Sanriku Earthquake...............................................................................................53 Chronology Tables: 1850-1900 .........................................................................................55 1900-1950.............................................................................................................................56 1900-1950: General Historical Context .............................................................................56 Earthquake Engineering: 1900-1950..................................................................................60 Riki Sano ......................................................................................................................62 Tachu Naito...................................................................................................................71 Kyoji Suyehiro ..............................................................................................................79 Earthquakes: 1900-1950....................................................................................................82 1923 Kanto Earthquake .................................................................................................83 Chronology Tables: 1900-1950 .........................................................................................87 1950-2000.............................................................................................................................88 General Historical Context: 1950-2000 .............................................................................88 Earthquake Engineering: 1950-2000..................................................................................90 Kiyoshi Muto ................................................................................................................90 Building Research Institute............................................................................................95 Public Works Research Institute....................................................................................96 International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering ................................97 Professional Associations ..............................................................................................97 Construction Trends ......................................................................................................98 Advanced Seismic Technologies and Products ..............................................................99 Earthquake Loss Estimation ........................................................................................101 Earthquake Prediction .................................................................................................103 Earth Science and the Plate Tectonics Revolution........................................................105 Earthquakes: 1950-2000..................................................................................................107 1964 Niigata Earthquake .............................................................................................107 1968 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake.....................................................................................108 1978 Miyagi-ken-Oki Earthquake................................................................................109 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-oki Earthquake and Tsunami...................................................110 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake ..................................................................................112 near-fault ground motion .........................................................................................113 liquefaction and port damage...................................................................................113