SMALL SATELLITE MARKET 2021 INTELLIGENCE REPORT This issue of the Satellite Applications Q2 Catapult’s quarterly Small Satellite Market Intelligence report provides an update of the small satellites launched in Q2 2021 (1st April to 30th June 2021). This edition also includes a short article on the applications, benefits, and challenges to satellite operations in very low Earth orbit (VLEO). SMALL SATELLITES 02 LAUNCHED IN Q2 2021 OVERVIEW In the second quarter of 2021, there were 564 small satellites launched into orbit. This falls short of the all-time record, set in the first quarter of this year, which still stands at 757. However, this quarter takes second place comfortably, beating the next highest quarter by over 200 satellites. This brings the total number of small satellites launched in 2021 to 1321, meaning that it has already broken the yearly record for number of small satellites launched, with half the year still to go. SpaceX contributed to the majority of small satellites launched once again, accounting for 64% (363) of the satellites launched into orbit this quarter. This brings the total number of Starlink satellites launched to 1808 as they continue to expand their beta test program. Interestingly, the 853 Starlink satellites launched in 2021 (Q1 and Q2) already surpass the 833 Starlink satellites launched in 2020, as SpaceX show no signs of slowing down even as their constellation network nears first phase completion. OneWeb also continued operations in building their constellation. They launched 72 satellite this quarter, the most of any quarter in their history to date, and double the number launched in Q1 of this year. This brought their total satellites launched in 2021 to 108, surpassing the 2020 tally of 104. OneWeb announced the investments this quarter of $550 million from Eutelsat, and $500 million from Bharti Global, which will allow the space start-up to accelerate their efforts in finishing their 648-satellite constellation. Number of Small Satellites Launched Note: The mathematical model line in the graph above (simulating an accelerating small satellite market uptake followed by a levelling off) represents a general trend and not a prediction per year. APPLICATIONS 03 Applications are defined by the primary objective of the mission as categorised below: • Communications: the objective of the mission is to transmit or receive signals to/from a user terminal or gateway. • Technology/Scientific: the objective of the mission is to gather knowledge to better understand physical phenomena or to test the functionality of the payload or equipment. • Earth observation/Remote sensing: the objective of the mission is to provide imagery or data relating to the Earth or its atmosphere. Small Satellites Launched by Application Percentage Share of Small Satellites by Application 04 Communications Continuing with the trend of recent years, communications satellites accounted for most small satellites launched this quarter. Of the 564 small satellites launched, around 86% (484) of these were communication satellites. The vast majority of these were attributed to companies adding more satellites to their constellation networks. Around 97% of the communication satellites launched this quarter were from SpaceX, OneWeb and Swarm Technologies who sent 363, 72 and 36 satellites into orbit, respectively. The remaining satellites were from Fleet Space Technologies, Guodian Gaoke, NanoAvionics, Eutelsat, Echostar Global, Astrocast and Lynk Global. Of note in this list is Lynk Global, who is planning a several thousand satellite constellation to provide cellular coverage for mobile phones. If they scale their operations as intended, then we may see a new player challenging the SpaceXs and OneWebs for one of the top spots in communication small satellite launches. Earth Observation There were 40 Earth Observation/Remote Sensing small satellites launched in Q2. There were no dominating players in this group, with the largest number of satellites in this category being launched by Spire (8) as part of their Lemur constellation. Finnish start-up ICEYE continued to add to their constellation, launching 4 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) small satellites this quarter, along with an announcement of opening an office in Japan to serve the Japanese market. Luxembourg start-up Kleos Space and Argentinian Satellogic also added 4 satellites to their constellations. There were 9 satellites launched by Chinese governmental and academic institutions in this category, as they continue to make their mark on the New Space industry. Commercial Earth observation companies Capella Space, HawkEye 360, PlanetiQ, SatRevolution and Umbra Lab also had launches in the single digits, while MIT Space Systems Laboratory and the Royal Thai Airforce added a single satellite each to the overall total. Technology/Scientific The number of satellites launched in the Technology/Scientific category equalled that of the Earth Observation/Remote Sensing category at 40. These were spread across 32 different entities who each launched between 1 and 3 satellites. Commercial companies accounted for half of the Technology/ Scientific small satellites at 20. Government entities launched 15 small satellites in this category, the vast majority of these (13) were from American organisations, including 3 National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) satellites, whose exact application and orbit were classified. The remaining 2 government technology satellites were from the Royal Netherlands Airforce and Mauritius Research Council. There were 5 satellites from academic institutions within this category, including a mission from the University of Manchester to investigate atmospheric interactions with spacecraft in very low Earth orbit (VLEO). SIZE AND MASS 05 Satellite classification Satellite subclassification Associated wet mass range Small Satellite < 500 kg Mini-satellite 100 kg - 500 kg Micro-satellite 10 kg – 100 kg Nano-satellite 1 kg – 10 kg Pico-satellite 0.1 kg – 1 kg Small Satellites Launched by Mass Category The recent trend of mini-satellites dominating the mass categories continues in Q2, with 445 of 564 small satellites launched falling within this mass range. SpaceX and OneWeb accounted for 98% of the mini-satellites with 363 and 72 launched this quarter, respectively. American government entities such as the US Space Force, DARPA and the NRO, as well as Chinese entites including China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) and Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite are responsible for the remaining mini-satellites launched this year. Micro-satellites were the next most popular platform of choice for the second quarter of 2021, with 49 satellites launched. No organisation dominated this particular segment of the mass categories, with 32 different entities launching between 1-4 satellites each. There were 32 nano-satellites launched in Q2. A quarter of these (8) were from Spire, who continue to add to their Lemur Earth observation constellation. Swiss company Astrocast launched 5 nano-satellites into orbit as part of their global L-band machine-to-machine (MTM) service. The rest of the satellites in this category were spread evenly across 17 different entities. Of the 38 pico-satellites launched this quarter, 36 were from Swarm Technologies as they add more SpaceBEE satellites to their Internet of Things (IoT) constellation. They have now launched 127 pico- satellites out of a planned 150, which is on track to be completed by the end of 2021. One of the other two pico-satellites was launched by the Mauritius Research Council (MRC) to collect land and ocean data on the Republic of Mauritius from space, the country’s first satellite. The remaining pico-satellite was the country of Kuwait’s first satellite, developed by Orbital Space to empower the next generation of Kuwaiti satellite engineers. ORGANISATION 06 Small Satellites Launched by Organisation Small satellites launched by commercial companies accounted for roughly 96% (539) of the total launched this quarter. This is a trend that has been occurring since 2013 and shows no signs of letting up. The vast majority (87%) of commercial small satellites in Q2 can be attributed to SpaceX, OneWeb and Swarm Technologies, with 363, 72 and 36 small satellites launched, respectively. With SpaceX and OneWeb continuing to add more satellites to their constellations, as well as new entrants with mega- constellation ambitions (e.g. Lynk Global) it is likely that commercial companies will continue to dominate these figures. Small Satellites Launched by Organisation - Quarter 2 There were 19 small satellites launched by 2021 government entities this quarter. The majority of these (13) can be attributed to government organisations of the United States as part of technology demonstrations for DARPA, NRO, United States Armed Forces and the Missile Defence Agency, or for science missions led by NASA Ames Research Centre. China came in second in terms of government satellites this quarter, with 3 earth observation platforms launched. The Netherlands, Thailand and Mauritius each had one satellite launched in Q2. Of note this quarter was an announcement by China that they are developing plans for a 13,000-satellite mega-constellation, as part of a national network satellite internet project. A project like this would see government figures skyrocket to numbers never seen before. There were only 6 small satellites launched this quarter that fall under the academic category, which is dramatically less than the 58 launched in Q1 of this year. There was a fairly even spread among countries, with academic institutions from China, Germany, Mexico and the UK launching a single academic satellite, and the US launching 2 this quarter. This brings the total number of small satellites launched in 2021 by academic entities to 64, almost double the 2020 total. While the 2018 record of 87 small satellites launched by academic organisations is still yet to be broken, there are another 6 months of the year left. LAUNCH 07 Number of Small Satellite Launches and Number of Small Satellites Launched by Launch Vehicle There were 22 small satellite launches in the second Orbits by Number of Launches quarter of 2021, including 3 failed launch attempts.