AIRCLIP Airports and Climate Preservation A research study funded within TAKE OFF – The Austrian Aeronautics Research and Technology Programme/4th call for tenders March 2009 www.takeoff.or.at Imprint: Programme Owner TAKE OFF: Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology Department of Mobility and Transport Technology Renngasse 5 A - 1010 Wien Established by: CEIT ALANOVA gemeinnützige GmbH Central European Institute of Technology, Institute of Urbanism, Transport, Environment and Information Society concorde technology center schwechat (concorde.tcs) Am Concorde Park 2, building F A - 2320 Schwechat Programme management TAKE OFF: The Austrian Research Promotion Agency Sensengasse 1 A - 1090 Wien www.takeoff.or.at 2 AIRCLIP Airports and Climate Preservation A research study funded within TAKE OFF – The Austrian Aeronautics Research and Technology Programme/4th call for tenders Team of the research study AIRCLIP – Airports and Climate Preservation: DI Manfred Schrenk DI Stephanie Rüsch DI Gregor Wiltschko Andor Farkas, M.Sc. Christian Eizinger Programme Owner TAKE OFF: Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology Established by: CEIT ALANOVA gemeinnützige GmbH Central European Institute of Technology, Institute of Urbanism, Transport, Environment and Information Society www.takeoff.or.at 3 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 9 1.1. Aim and purpose of the study ................................................................... 9 1.2. Structure and methodology ..................................................................... 10 1.2.1. Report structure .............................................................................. 10 1.2.2. Methodology ................................................................................... 10 1.2.3. Literature review ............................................................................. 12 1.2.4. Survey - Online Questionnaire ........................................................ 12 2. FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 13 2.1. Airports and the environment .................................................................. 13 2.1.1. The airport as part of the aviation industry ...................................... 13 2.1.2. The airport as part of the region ...................................................... 15 2.1.3. Potential fields of CO2 reduction for airports .................................. 17 2.2. Classification of Best Practices ............................................................... 20 3. SURVEY – ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................... 24 3.1. Approach and response .......................................................................... 24 4. BEST PRACTICES .................................................................................... 28 4.1. Transport ................................................................................................. 30 4.1.1. [ARN01] EcoTaxis ........................................................................... 30 4.1.2. [ARN06] Airport coaches with rapeseed tanks ................................ 31 4.1.3. [LHR02] Car sharing/Car pooling .................................................... 33 4.1.4. [VIE02] CAT – CITY AIRPORT TRAIN ........................................... 34 4.1.5. [VIE03] CAT-CAB taxi-connection to and from the CAT - City Airport Train ........................................................................................................ 36 www.takeoff.or.at 4 4.1.6. [MAN02] Green commuter plan ...................................................... 37 4.1.7. [LAX02] Hydrogen-fueling and generation station........................... 39 4.1.8. [FLL04] Cell phone lot ..................................................................... 41 4.1.9. [LAX01] Airport shuttle vans ........................................................... 42 4.1.10. [BOS02] Priority car parking for environmentally friendly vehicles .. 44 4.2. Airfield operations ................................................................................... 45 4.2.1. [ARN09] Environmentally friendly ground vehicles ......................... 45 4.2.2. [ELP01] Solar-powered ground equipment ..................................... 46 4.2.3. [PDX02] Replacing conventional fuel vehicles with alternative fuel vehicles ........................................................................................... 48 4.2.4. [ORD03] Diesel vehicle emission controls ...................................... 49 4.2.5. [SFO01] Towing planes to take-off areas ........................................ 51 4.2.6. [SFO04] Ground power units, pre-conditioned air ........................... 52 4.2.7. [SEA04] Fuel hydrant system.......................................................... 53 4.2.8. [VIE04] Underground fuel hydrant system ...................................... 54 4.2.9. [VIE011] New Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fuel station at the airport .............................................................................................. 55 4.2.10. [VIE005] New Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) ground vehicles ... 57 4.3. Energy Efficiency .................................................................................... 59 4.3.1. [ARN08] Aquifer heating and cooling .............................................. 59 4.3.2. [ATH01] Green building programme ............................................... 61 4.3.3. [DFW01] Reduction of airport energy consumption ........................ 62 4.3.4. [FLL02/FLL03] High efficiency heating, cooling and lighting in terminals and buildings ................................................................... 64 4.4. Renewable energy .................................................................................. 65 www.takeoff.or.at 5 4.4.1. [ARN10] Bio fuel-based district heating .......................................... 65 4.4.2. [ZRH01] Solar dock roof ................................................................. 66 4.4.3. [SZG02] Photovoltaic plant (solar power) on 5 Terminal roofs ........ 68 4.4.4. [SFO03] Photovoltaic plant (solar power) on roof of Terminal 3 ..... 69 4.4.5. [JFK01] Geothermal power ............................................................. 71 4.5. Administrative ......................................................................................... 72 4.5.1. [SEA06] Greenhouse gas inventory ................................................ 72 4.5.2. [SEA05] Regional clean air strategy ............................................... 73 4.5.3. [ATH02] Environmental Information Centre (EIC) ........................... 75 4.5.4. [ATH03] Environmental Awareness Training (EAT) ........................ 76 4.5.5. [VIE08] Environmental fund financing the sustainable development in the airport region ......................................................................... 78 4.6. Others ..................................................................................................... 79 4.6.1. [ATH04] Creation of green areas in adjacent municipalities ........... 79 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AUSTRIAN AIRPORTS ............................... 81 5.1. Transport ................................................................................................. 81 5.1.1. Current situation .............................................................................. 81 5.1.2. Activities at other international airports ........................................... 83 5.1.3. Recommendations .......................................................................... 88 5.2. Airfield operations ................................................................................... 93 5.2.1. Current situation .............................................................................. 93 5.2.2. Activities at other international airports ........................................... 94 5.2.3. Recommendations .......................................................................... 96 5.4. Renewable energy ................................................................................ 102 5.4.1. Current situation ............................................................................ 102 www.takeoff.or.at 6 5.4.2. Activities at other international airports ......................................... 102 5.4.3. Recommendations ........................................................................ 103 5.5. Administrative ....................................................................................... 105 5.5.1. Current situation ............................................................................ 105 5.5.2. Activities at other international airports ......................................... 105 5.5.3. Recommendations ........................................................................ 107 6. SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 111 7. APPENDIX .............................................................................................. 114 7.1. Energy policies – programmes and strategies ...................................... 114 7.1.1. Worldwide ..................................................................................... 114 7.1.2. Climate change policies of the European Union - a selection ....... 117 7.1.3. Energy policy at the Austrian national level .................................