International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 Statistical Analysis of the Relations between API, Specific Gravity and Sulfur Content in the Universal Crude Oil Salih Muhammad Awadh1, HebaSadoon Al -Mimar2 1, 2 Geology Department, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq Abstract: This study was conducted on the universal crude oil samples for the purpose of understanding the relationships between some of the characteristics that control the oil quality. Data were collected from previous works, includingspecific gravity and weight percent of 13 crude oil samples as well as the API and S% of138 crude oil samples belong to oil reservoirs located in the different parts of the world.The APIagainstboth of specific gravity and weight percent (kg/m3)is governed byaninverse perfect linear regression (r= - 0.98) with a better prediction (96%) for the outcomes data. The API relies not only sulfur content, but there are other parameters control the oil density, where the API° is exponentially correlated with S%. Keywords: crude oil, statistical analyses, API, specific gravity, sulfur content 1. Introduction and vice versa for initial rough estimationthe crude oil quality. Crude oil is a complex mixture doesn't a uniform material 2. Results and discussion consisting of up to 200 or more different hydrocarbon organic compounds, where its quality based on American 2.1Statistical analysis of API, SG and Wt% Petroleum Institute (API) gravity,specific gravity (SG) and sulfur content (S%) (Dickson and Udoessien, 2012).The Crude oil isa naturally liquid consisting mainly of most important of commercial parameters is a specific hydrocarbons, as well as sulfur, nitrogen and metals(Yasin et gravity, which is used for measuring the quality of crude al., 2013)witha wide range ofdensities. Basically, crude oil was oils. Low specific gravity indicates good quality of crude commercially rankedfromvery light to very heavy oil. The oil having lighter fractions and vice versa.Crude oil is light oilhas high proportion of light hydrocarbonfractions classified as light, medium or heavy, according to its characterized by less content of wax, therefore it has low measured API gravity. The API gravity of less than 10 viscosity and specific gravityas well and high API gravity.API defines bitumen and extra heavy oil;asphalt on average has gravity determines the grade or quality of crude oils(Dickson an API gravity of 8°, which sink in fresh water, while oil and Udoessien, 2012). It is an inverse measure lighter the floats; API gravity less than 10° generally considered crude, higher the API gravity, and vice versa. The formula for natural bitumen (Danyluk and others, 1984).Generally, API API gravity can be expressed as: from 10° to22.3° defines heavy oil, from 22.3° to 31.1° was considered as medium oil,higher than 31.1° defines the API = (141.5 / SG) - 131.5 (1) light oil(dnr.louisiana.gov, 1989). The specific gravity of the crude oil is inversely related to the API values and where API = Degrees API Gravity provides a preliminary estimation of the amount of type SG = Specific Gravity (at 60oF or 15.5o) (heavy or light) of hydrocarbons present. The lower the specific gravity and higher API gravity are characterized The relative density is equal to the density of the substance the high quality crude oil. Therefore, higher API gravity divided by the density of water (density of water is 1000 crude oil hasa higher price and is of good quality.The total kg/m3). So the API gravity was designed to include a wide sulfur content in the crude oil is represented by sulfur range from 10° to 70° API (Duissenov, 2012). APIis inversely compounds such as thiols, sulfides, disulfides and proportional tothe specific gravity and wt (kg/m3). At specific thiophenes, where sour and sweet oil classes are based on gravity 1, which is the density ofpure water, theAPI value S% in the crude oil (Wang and Huang, 1992). The oil equal 10, where the weight is 998kg/m3 (Table 1).When classification on the basis of physical characteristics is investigate theincreasevalue ofAPIfrom 10 t0 55 for interval commercially important (Sun et al., 2009; Odebunmi et al., 5comparedwithweight; it issupposedthat theweightdecreases 2002). proportionally,but in fact,the proportionalityhas been irregular. For the purpose offollow-upthose anomaliescanshed This study was carried out on data that have been collected lightonTable 1.Incase of the increasingthe value ofAPI as 10, from international published studies regarding the oil 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55, the oil Wt% reservoir throughout the world.It aimsto discuss (kg/m3)decreases as 998, 964, 932, 902, 874, 848, 823, 800, therelations betweensome of the parameters (API, SG and 778 and 757. The intervals of Wt%for 5 API° can be seen as S%) that are related tothe quality ofcrude oil(API, SG and 34, 32, 30, 28, 26, 25, 23, 22 and 21.The inconsistency that S%), and attempt to predict outcomes of the API as emerged are defined as 2,2,2,2,1,2,1 and 1. The changein the criterion variable from the data scores on an SG and S% API° value forthe interval of35-40, 45-50and 50-55causeda Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015 www.ijsr.net Paper ID: SUB154465 Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 1279 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 changeinweight of only 1 kg/m3, whilethe normal y= 1.43x-0.15 (2) changewas 2through 15-20, 20-25, 25-30 and 30-35API y= 1428x-0.15 (3) interval. The relationship between API and both of SG and Wt% was inverselystrong and well defined by the where y in the equations 2 and 3 are SG, and Wt%, coefficient of determination. A model-fitting of respectively; x is API°. coefficientof determination that are used to test of hypotheses, predict the other outcomes datawas statistically A perfect positive correlation of r = 1.0. It can be noted that all applied to know the amount of overlap between the data observations fall on a line; thereby the term perfect linear regression and the real data points. Accordingly,equations correlation becomes appropriate. that connect the API with both of SG and Wt% were determined as well as the R2.The regression for the squares Table 1: Analysis of the difference intervals of the physical analysis R2 that varies between 0 and 1, the larger numbers properties of the crude oil indicating better fits and 1 represents a perfect fit(Cameron API Specific WT WT interval Interval difference et al., 1997).When X and Y are perfectly negatively Gravity (kg/m3) For 5 API interval (kg/m3) correlated, the r will be equal to -1, when X and Y are 8 1.014 1012 --- --- perfectly positively correlated, r will be equal to +1, where 9 1.007 1005 7 --- X here is represented by API, whilst Y is represented by 10 1.0 998 7 --- API, SG and Wt independently.It can be noted that all data 15 0.966 964 34 --- observations fall on a line with perfect positive correlation 20 0.934 932 32 2 25 0.904 902 30 2 (Figure 1). Thereby, R2 for API versus both of SG and Wt 30 0.876 874 28 2 is close to 1 (0.96), whist, the correlation coefficient (r) was 35 0.85 848 26 2 found to be -0.98indicating an approximate fit inversely 40 0.825 823 25 1 relationship between API against both of SG and Wt. 45 0.802 800 23 2 Hence, a best-fitting straight line through the data points 50 0.78 778 22 1 was drowning(Figure 1)and then computing the simple 55 0.759 757 21 1 linear regression as: 58 0.747 745 12 --- Figure 1: Statistical analysis of the API versus both of the specific gravity (SG) and Wt% of the crude oil 2.2 Relationship between API and S% investigated for the determination the how affect S% on the API°. Accordingly, The Data are listed in Table 2 and plotted The crude oilis classifiedon the basis ofthe percentage of (Figure 2). The best relationship that links S% to API value sulfur; the S% variesfrom less than 0.1% to greater than was concluded as an exponential equation as follows: 5%. Crude oils with less than 1% Sare called low-sulfur or sweet crude, and those with more than 1% Sis called high- 푦 = 11.903 ∗ 푒−0.102푥 (4) sulfur or sour crude(Chang et al., 2012), butthis ratiois Where y is S%; x is API°. notconstant, where other studies haveconsidered thesweet oil is thathas asulfurvalue of 0.5%, while the sour oil is that The correlation coefficient (r) displays a medium positive oil defined by having more than 0.5% S. API gravity has relationship (0.54) and the coefficient of determination (R2) been reported to have an inverse relationship with S% of (0.3) reflects that only 30% of the samples have correlated crude oil blends(Ekwere,1991) and confirmed by Madu et well. Ideally, for significant relations, the variables must be al. (2011), Odebunmi and Adeniyi (2007)and Awadh and linearly correlated, but in the present study, the correlation Hussien (2015) whom they had mentioned that, API gravity between API and S% tend to be exponential rather than linear. varies inversely with both of specific gravity and the S%. Consequently, it is certainlythe existence of otherfactors rather Sulfur is relatively a heavier than C and H element; it has that S% plays an important role in the API gravity.