PARKS The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation Developing capacity for a protected planet Issue 18.2: December 2012 IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN DEFINES A PROTECTED AREA AS: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories (one VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources: with a sub-division), summarized below. Areas which conserve ecosystems, together with associated Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity and cultural values and traditional natural resource management also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, where systems. Generally large, mainly in a natural condition, with human visitation, use and impacts are controlled and limited a proportion under sustainable natural resource to ensure protection of the conservation values. management and where low-level non-industrial natural Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly resource use compatible with nature conservation is seen as modified areas, retaining their natural character and one of the main aims. influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, protected and managed to preserve their natural The category should be based around the primary management condition. objective(s), which should apply to at least three-quarters of the II National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting protected area – the 75 per cent rule. The management large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species categories are applied with a typology of governance types – a and ecosystems, which also have environmentally and description of who holds authority and responsibility for the culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, protected area. recreational and visitor opportunities. III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a IUCN defines four governance types. specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/ mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a cave, or agency in charge; sub-national ministry/agency in charge; a living feature such as an ancient grove. government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect Shared governance: Collaborative management (various particular species or habitats, where management reflects degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions to management board; transboundary management (various meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but this is levels across international borders) not a requirement of the category. Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction of organisations (NGOs, universities, cooperatives); by for- people and nature over time has produced a distinct profit organsations (individuals or corporate) character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and community conserved areas – declared and run by local its associated nature conservation and other values. communities For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories IUCN WCPA’s BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, nongovernmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ Contribute to developing capacity for a Protected Planet at: www.protectedplanet.net/ PARKS 2012 Vol 18.2 PARKS: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTECTED AREAS AND CONSERVATION Edited by Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley1, Equilibrium Research and IUCN WCPA 1 Rock House, Derwenlas, Machynlleth, Powys, SY20 8TN, Wales [email protected], [email protected] CONTENTS: ISSUE 18.2 DECEMBER 2012 EDITORIAL: Protected Area Tourism and the Aichi Targets 6 Glen T. Hvenegaard, Elizabeth A. Halpenny and Stephen F. McCool Tourism, conservation and the Aichi targets Ralf Buckley 12 The impact of land management systems on community attitudes towards tourism and conservation in six South African countries 20 Susan Snyman An analysis of livelihood linkages of tourism in Kaziranga National Park, a Natural World Heritage Site in India Syed Ainul Hussain, Shivani Chandola Barthwal, Ruchi Badola, Syed Mohammad Tufailur Rahman, Archi Rastogi, 32 Chongpi Tuboi and Anil Kumar Bhardwaj Tourism and biodiversity along the Euro-Mediterranean Coast: Prospects for overcoming a deeply rooted conflict 44 Emma Salizzoni Protected area branding strategies to increase stewardship among park constituencies Lisa M. King, Stephen F. McCool, Peter Fredman and Elizabeth A. Halpenny 54 Conserving biodiversity through Parks Canada’s volunteer programme 64 John Waithaka, Mike Wong, Johanne Ranger and Elizabeth A. Halpenny Supporting the CBD Aichi Biodiversity Conservation Targets through park tourism: A case study of Parks Canada’s visitor experience programme 78 Ed Jager and Elizabeth A. Halpenny Building the capability to manage tourism as support for the Aichi Target Stephen McCool, Yi-Chung Hsu, Sergio Brant Rocha, Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir, Lloyd Gardner and Wayne Freimund 92 Sustainable tourism capacity building for marine protected areas Thomas E. Fish and Anne H. Walton 108 Community-based monitoring of tourism resources as a tool for supporting the Convention On Biological 120 Diversity Targets: A preliminary global assessment Anna Miller, Yu-Fai Leung and Dau-Jye Lu European Charter parks—A growing network for sustainable tourism development in protected areas Agnese Balandina, Lasse Lovén, Olaf Ostermann and Richard Partington 132 Using tourism to conserve the mist forests and mysterious cultural heritage of the Blue and John Crow 144 Mountains National Park, Jamaica Susan Otuokon, Shauna-Lee Chai and Marlon Beale The designation of geographical entities in this journal, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. IUCN does not take any responsibility for errors or omissions occurring in the translations in this document whose original version is in English. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN WCPA (2012). PARKS. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Volume 18:2, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISSN: 0960-233X Cover photo: Lonesome George the last known individual of his subspecies, Geochelone abingdoni, who was a major attraction at the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island in the Galápagos National Park until his death in June 2012 © Nigel Dudley Editing and layout by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com. Produced by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Services Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications www.iucn.org/parks With special thanks to: Glen Hvenegaard and Elizabeth Halpenny for guest editing this issue of PARKS. Thanks also to: Helen Miller of Miller Design for layout advice and front cover picture production. Therese Salenieks for editing and layout assistance on this issue. Patricia Odio Yglesias and Paula Salnot for abstract translations. 5 PARKS is published electronically twice a year by IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas. For more information see: www.iucn.org/parks PARKS is published to strengthen international collaboration in protected