Commercial Space Entrepreneur 17.IV.2009 1320 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2140 Dear Commercial Space Entrepreneur: On 02.III.2009 the University of Michigan’s Aerospace 483 design course was commissioned the task to create two satellite architectures to observe the Sun and provide a warning if a solar particle event (SPE) occurs. SPEs present a unique problem to the human presence in space because of the danger they pose through the ejection of plasmas at high speeds. Team Blue’s study has produced one of the two mission architecture. Our study has found one feasible mission architecture. This report will delve further into the problems associated with SPEs, our satellite design and showing why our satellite is not only needed but is the best option for the Space Hotel Entrepreneur. HAVEN-1 will provide in-situ (in place) measuring of accelerated particles and send back alerts and warnings when appropriate, this will aid the Space Hotel in securing the clientele from SPEs. As an added business opportunity the HAVEN Project architecture is capable of adapting to new instruments and can be readily deployed to other space locations. We would like to think of this as a medium size analogue to the CubeSat architecture. Without our system your customers will be put in great peril with massive amounts of radi- ation released in a SPE. Therefore we recommend the following: 1. Invest in the HAVEN architecture to provide in-situ measurements to allow greater space access to your tourist. 2. Subscribe to NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center for the remote sensing capabilities for augmentation. On behalf of Team Blue, I wish to express our appreciation to the Commercial Space En- trepreneur for reviewing our proposal. Respectfully Submitted, Richard B. Choroszucha, Project Manager Contents ListofFigures ............................................ xiv List of Tables . xviii List of Acronyms . 1 Executive Summary . 1 I Introduction to the Mission 1 1 Introduction 2 1.1 The Design Process . 2 1.2 Understanding Solar Particle Events . 3 1.3 Today’s Space Weather Prediction Infrastructure . 6 1.3.1 Organization . 6 1.3.2 A Snapshot of Today’s Current Capability . 8 1.4 The HAVEN Project, Helios Advanced Violent Eruption Notification Project . 9 2 Mission Overview 11 2.1 Mission Requirements . 11 2.1.1 Top Level Requirements . 12 2.1.2 Upper Level Subsystem Requirements . 13 2.2 Mission Architecture Overview . 15 2.3 Budgets............................................. 16 2.3.1 Mass Budget . 16 2.3.2 Power Budget . 17 2.3.3 Cost Budget . 18 i II Subsystems 20 3 Payload 21 3.1 Background . 21 3.2 Warning System Method . 22 3.3 Requirements . 24 3.4 Sensor Selection . 25 3.5 EPHIN Sensor Background . 26 3.6 Payload Architecture . 27 3.7 Data Processing and Operations . 30 3.8 Electronic Improvements . 31 4 Orbits 32 4.1 Background . 32 4.1.1 Mission Heritage . 32 4.1.2 The Restricted Three-Body Problem . 33 4.2 Mission Design . 35 4.2.1 HAVEN Orbital Requirements . 35 4.2.2 Final Lagrangian Point Orbit Design . 36 4.2.3 Transfer Trajectory Design and Optimization . 37 4.2.3.1 Direct Injection Transfer . 37 4.2.3.2 Lunar Gravity Assist Transfer . 39 4.2.4 MATLAB Applications . 40 4.3 Orbit Design . 44 4.3.1 STK/Astrogator Model . 44 4.3.1.1 Halo Orbit Simulation with Instantaneous Satellite Placement . 44 4.3.1.2 Orbital Transfer . 45 4.3.1.3 Orbital Transfer into Orbit Insertion and Propogation . 45 4.3.2 Orbital Timeline for HAVEN Mission . 46 5 Guidance, Navigation and Control 47 ii 5.1 GNC Requirements . 47 5.2 GNC System Architecture . 48 5.3 Attitude Sensor Suite . 48 5.3.1 Attitude Sensor Selection . 48 5.3.2 Actuation Suite . 51 5.3.2.1 Actuators . 51 5.3.2.2 Reaction Wheel Configuration . 52 5.3.2.3 Expected Mission Behaviour . 53 5.3.2.4 Heritage . 53 5.4 Dynamics and Controller Model . 54 5.4.1 Modeling Considerations . 55 5.4.2 Model Results . 55 6 Command and Data Handling 60 6.1 Requirements . 60 6.2 C&DH System Architecture . 61 6.2.1 C&DH Board . 61 6.2.1.1 Specs . 61 6.2.1.2 Heritage . 62 6.2.1.3 Alternatives . 62 6.2.2 Network Architecture . 62 6.2.2.1 Alternatives . 63 6.2.2.2 Specs . 63 6.2.2.2.1 SpaceWire Router . 63 6.2.2.2.2 NICS . 64 6.2.2.3 Heritage . 65 6.2.3 Data Budget- includes all data collected and transmitted . 65 7 Communcations System 66 7.1 System Requirements . 66 iii 7.2 System Drivers . 67 7.3 System Architecture . 68 7.3.1 Transceiver Selection . 68 7.3.2 Antenna Selection . 69 7.3.2.1 Primary Antenna-High Gain Antenna . 70 7.3.2.2 Secondary Antennas-Low Gain Patch . 70 7.3.3 Signal Conditioning . 71 7.3.3.1 Signal Filtering . 71 7.3.3.2 Signal Modulation . 72 7.3.4 Ground Station Selection . 72 7.3.4.1 Ground Station Location and L1 Performance . 73 7.3.4.1.1 USN . 75 7.3.4.1.2 ESA . 76 7.3.4.1.3 Bigelow . 77 7.3.4.1.4 Combining Networks to Achieve Zero Gaps in L1 Coverage 77 7.3.4.2 Ground Station LEO Performance . 78 7.3.4.3 Networking between Ground Stations . 80 7.3.4.4 Link Budget Analysis . 81 7.4 Space Communication Regulation (International Telecommunication Union) . 81 7.5 Concept of Operations Summary . 82 7.6 Impact of future technology and ground station network infrastructure develop- ment recommendations . 83 8 Power 84 8.1 Power Sources . 84 8.2 Energy Storage . 85 8.3 Power Requirements . 85 8.4 Electrical Power System Architecture . 86 8.4.1 Power Generation and Storage . 86 8.4.2 Power Distribution . ..