© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ReflectionsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe Study of NursingNOT FOR SALE History OR DISTRIBUTION 2 Deborah Judd © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORPast–1800 DISTRIBUTION Nurses are generally male or are sisters NOTin a religious FOR order SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1500–1800 Hospitals are associated with religious organizations 1543 Andreas Vesalius© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC revolutionizesNOT study FOR of SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION human anatomy and dissection © Jones &1600 Bartlett 1610 Learning, 1620 LLC1630 1640 1650 ©1660 Jones 1670& Bartlett 1680 Learning, 1690 LLC NOT FOR SALE1600–1800 OR DISTRIBUTIONNo formally trained nurses, but people in nursing roles include:NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Orderlies in mental hospitals • Lay midwives • Wetnurses • Servitude caregivers © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC• Monks and sisters © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1660–1800 • Significant bouts of infectious disease due to a lack of understanding of sanitation • Unhealthy individuals are cared for and die at home 1600–1850 Pesthouses and poorhouses are places for the sick to go to be isolated from the public © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1618–1643 William Harvey studies and describes circulation 1618–1648 Thirty Years’ War in Europe © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 10 chapter 2 u Reflections © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION OUR NURSING HERITAGE: KEY PEOPLE Ancient civilizations contributed to health knowledge; while there were key people involved, in most cases we focus on key groups of people. Their ideas contributed to health care despite the © Jonesscientific & Bartlett limitations Learning, of the time. LLCThese notions influence health© care Jones even into & theBartlett 21st century. Learning, LLC NOT FOREarly SALECivilization OR DISTRIBUTIONIllness associated with evil NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Gods determine life course/experiences Healing as an art: only certain individuals entitled to serve Community or family involved in rituals © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Ancient Egyptian LLC Priests viewed© Jones as healers & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Practice ofNOT mummification FOR SALE and ORdeath DISTRIBUTION rituals Organs separated from body and preserved Dental health a concern Sophisticated procedures done with limited technology Far Eastern© Jones & Bartlett ConceptLearning, of yin LLC and yang © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OREnergy DISTRIBUTION work NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Acupuncture Use of herbal medicines Islamic Concept that evil causes disease and suffering © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCPrinciples based on Galen’s© and Jones Hippocrates’s & Bartlett application Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof the Four Humors to medicineNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Canon of medicine Noted minor differences in infectious diseases Chemistry advances: instillation, sublimation for © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC medicines© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORGrecian DISTRIBUTION AesculapiusNOT and FOR three of SALE his daughters: OR DISTRIBUTION Hygeia, Meditrina, and Panacea Aristotle: heart as the soul of body, vessels from heart Galen’s concept of human anatomy © Jones & Bartlett LinkedLearning, Empedocles LLC to Four Humors, applied ©to medicineJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORHippocrates: DISTRIBUTION father of medicine NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Roman Practices derived from Greek, Galen’s influence Wealthy entitled to medical care, poor are not Medieval Cultures Emergence of hospitals: mostly for the poor, chronically ill © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCLay caregivers, both male and© Jonesfemale & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Determining What a Nurse Is 11 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Each chapterNOT FOR in this SALE book OR will DISTRIBUTION connect NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION nursing heritage events, key people, trends, and historical happenings to nursing in the United States from early colonial days © Jonesto & the Bartlett present Learning,time. Basic information LLC on © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORearly SALE civilizations OR DISTRIBUTION and cultures prior to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the migration of colonial settlers to the New World is briefly examined, providing opportunity to discover significant groups of people who have influenced aspects of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the nursing and medical profession as we u Departure of the Pilgrim Fathers from Delft Haven, 1620 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION know it today. Many nameless individuals followed their conscience to freedom and the opportunity for self and others. America was founded on ethical and moral principles ensuring superlative “life, liberty, and happiness,” albeit not without sacrifice, patience, dili- gence, ©suffering, Jones and& Bartlettinequality. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ImageryNOT andFOR Historical SALE HappeningsOR DISTRIBUTION allow for particular individual experiencesNOT FOR to aug SALE- OR DISTRIBUTION ment the relevant historical trend or concept discussion. Timelines in Chapters 4 through 12 provide visual maps for key events; key people and their accomplishments are also briefly outlined at the beginning of these chapters. Topics for further exploration, discussion ques- © Jonestions, & Bartlett book lists, Learning, and suggested LLC key words/phrases for Internet© Jones exploration & Bartlett are provided Learning, at LLC NOT FORthe SALE end of the OR chapters DISTRIBUTION to support and stimulate further studyNOT where FOR time SALE and interest OR permit.DISTRIBUTION The current chapter offers insights on what a nurse might be, presents ideas on nursing historical inquiry and outcomes, offers acumens on how to initiate and complete historical investigation, and identifies possibilities for information acquisition with focus on use of the © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Internet for LLCcollaborative research endeavors.© Jones The information & Bartlett and Learning,“dialogues” of LLC this history NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONbook should facilitate a better understandingNOT of FORthe heritage SALE of AmericanOR DISTRIBUTION nurses. Determining What a Nurse Is The term© Jones nurse has& Bartlett evolved Learning,over the centuries. LLC Donahue (1996) describes© nursing Jones activi & Bartlett- Learning, LLC ties as NOThaving FOR existed SALE since theOR dawn DISTRIBUTION of civilization and, although closely NOTassociated FOR with SALE OR DISTRIBUTION medicine, caretaking or nursing actually antecedes it: The oldest of arts and the youngest of professions . it has gone through many stages and has been an integral part of societal movements. The history of nursing has been one of © Jones & Bartlettfrustration, Learning, ignorance and LLC misunderstanding . It is a© great Jones epic involving& Bartlett trials Learning, and tri- LLC NOT FOR SALEumphs, OR romance DISTRIBUTION and adventure . It is the story of anNOT occupational FOR SALE group whoseOR DISTRIBUTION status © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 12 chapter 2 u Reflections © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC has alwaysNOT been FOR affected SALE by ORthe prevalent DISTRIBUTION standards of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION humanity. The great turning points in world progress have also been important turning points in nursing. In any context concerning the genesis of nursing, there is considerable content that refers to the history of nursing © Jones &as anBartlett episode Learning,in the history LLCof women. The fullest © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORdevelopment SALE OR of DISTRIBUTIONnursing was not possible [or realized] NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION without education and knowledge of the social condi- tions and needs of the day. (p. 2–3) Today when the word