Section I Transportation and road pavements The Neighbourhood Planning and Design Guide Part II Planning and design guidelines Symbols at text boxes More detailed information is provided about the issue under discussion Important considerations to be aware of are highlighted Relevant content from a complementing resource is presented PART I: SETTING THE SCENE A The human settlements context B A vision for human settlements C Purpose, nature and scope of this Guide D How to use this Guide E Working together PART II: PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDELINES F Neighbourhood layout and structure G Public open space H Housing and social facilities I Transportation and road pavements J Water supply K Sanitation L Stormwater M Solid waste management N Electrical energy O Cross-cutting issues Planning and designing safe communities Universal design Developed by Department of Human Settlements Published by the South African Government ISBN: 978-0-6399283-2-6 © 2019 Version 1. Printed May 2019 Section I Transportation and road pavements The Neighbourhood Planning and Design Guide The Neighbourhood Planning and Design Guide I Transportation and road pavements Table of contents I.1 Outline of this section ............................................................................................................................. 4 I.1.1 Purpose ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 I.1.2 Content and structure ................................................................................................................................ 4 I.2 Universal considerations ........................................................................................................................ 6 I.2.1 The regulatory environment ...................................................................................................................... 6 I.2.2 Key objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 8 I.2.3 Approaches and concepts ......................................................................................................................11 I.2.3.1 Classification of the road and street system .................................................................... 12 I.2.3.2 Transport demand management ..................................................................................... 12 I.2.3.3 Transport-oriented Development ..................................................................................... 13 I.2.3.4 Complete streets ............................................................................................................... 13 I.2.3.5 Non-Motorised Transport ................................................................................................ 13 I.2.4 The implementation context .................................................................................................................... 14 I.2.4.1 The type of development .................................................................................................. 14 I.2.4.2 The setting of the development ........................................................................................ 14 I.3 Planning considerations ........................................................................................................................16 I.3.1 Characteristics of the proposed development ...................................................................................... 16 I.3.1.1 The nature of the proposed development ....................................................................... 17 I.3.1.2 The residents of the area to be developed ..................................................................... 17 I.3.2 Characteristics of the existing environment ........................................................................................... 17 I.3.2.1 The physical location of the proposed development ..................................................... 17 I.3.2.2 Available infrastructure and services ..............................................................................20 I.3.2.3 Existing socio-economic features ....................................................................................20 I.3.3 Transportation infrastructure and road pavement options ...................................................................20 I.3.3.1 Factors to consider when choosing transportation and road pavement options ......... 21 I.3.3.2 Geometric design options ................................................................................................24 I.3.3.3 Road pavement options ...................................................................................................26 I.4 Design considerations ...........................................................................................................................31 I.4.1 Geometric design .................................................................................................................................... 31 I.4.1.1 The design vehicle ............................................................................................................ 31 I.4.1.2 Speed parameters ............................................................................................................33 I.4.1.3 Traffic volumes, densities and composition .....................................................................33 I.4.1.4 Sight distance ....................................................................................................................33 I.4.1.5 Horizontal alignment ........................................................................................................34 I.4.1.6 Vertical alignment .............................................................................................................34 I.1 The Neighbourhood Planning and Design Guide Transportation and road pavements JI I.4.1.7 Cross-section design ........................................................................................................35 I.4.1.8 Intersections .......................................................................................................................37 I.4.2 Road pavement design ...........................................................................................................................39 I.4.2.1 Street profiling ...................................................................................................................40 I.4.2.1.1 Arterial streets ........................................................................................................43 I.4.2.1.2 Access streets .........................................................................................................44 I.4.2.1.3 Basic access streets ...............................................................................................44 I.4.2.1.4 Tertiary ways ..........................................................................................................45 I.4.2.2 Design strategy .................................................................................................................45 I.4.2.2.1 Analysis and structural design periods ................................................................45 I.4.2.2.2 Pavement life cycle strategies ..............................................................................46 I.4.2.3 Design traffic estimates .....................................................................................................48 I.4.2.3.1 Concepts for design traffic estimation ..................................................................48 I.4.2.3.2 Traffic loading classes for structural pavement design .......................................49 I.4.2.3.3 Traffic measurement and vehicle classification ...................................................50 I.4.2.3.4 Traffic investigation for pavement design ............................................................ 51 I.4.2.3.5 Calculation of design E80 .................................................................................... 51 I.4.2.3.6 Estimating the lane distribution of traffic ..............................................................54 I.4.2.3.7 Design traffic on unpaved roads .........................................................................55 I.4.2.4 Material and pavement selection....................................................................................55 I.4.2.4.1 Flexible pavements ................................................................................................56 I.4.2.4.2 Rigid pavements ....................................................................................................59 I.4.2.4.3 Semi-rigid pavements ...........................................................................................59 I.4.2.4.4 Pavement type selection per road category .......................................................60 I.4.2.5 Environmental considerations for pavement design ...................................................... 61 I.4.2.5.1 Material depth ....................................................................................................... 61 I.4.2.5.2 Subgrade strength and delineation .....................................................................62 I.4.2.6 Structural design ...............................................................................................................63