11/2/2016 Robert Flynn, Ph.D. Extension Plant Sciences [email protected] 575-748-1228 A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Hidden Compost Contaminants: An Overview of Hormones & Antibiotics Robert Flynn, Ph.D. Extension Plant Sciences Agronomy and Soils [email protected] A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 1 11/2/2016 1.3 million tons manure/year A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Can Make a Lot of Compost! A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 2 11/2/2016 and Mortality Compost A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Through aerobic decomposition under warm moist conditions that favor microbial activity the end products are: A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! 3 11/2/2016 OPTIMUM CONDITIONS A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu What is in manure? A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 4 11/2/2016 Hormones? • Progesterone – 6.3 mg/kg (ppm) in manure A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu … and antibiotics? • Sulfadiazine – SDZ – 8.7 – 12 ppm in manures • Chlortetracycline – CTC – 200 ppm (sw ine manure) • Ciprofloxacin – CIP – 30-34 ppm found in manures – Fluoroquinolones family • Tylosin tartrate – 62.6 ppm A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 5 11/2/2016 University Study – Hong Kong A. Selvam et al. / Bioresource Technology 126 (2012) 412– • Recipe:417 – 1:1 Swine Manure:Sawdust • Spiked with the antibiotics – High Level (ppm) 50:10:10, – Low Level (ppm) 5-1-1 • Control (no antibiotics) • Composted for 56d A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! CO2 Released over time A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 6 11/2/2016 Pile Temperature over time A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Changes in Organic Carbon 0 A ll A bout Discovery!7 ™14 2128 35 42 49 56 New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! 7 11/2/2016 Changes in Organic Nitrogen A ll A bout Discovery!07™ 14 21 35 42 49 56 New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! Changes in C/N A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! 8 11/2/2016 CTR – Chlortetracycline change 10 2030 40 50 days A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! SDZ – Sulfadiazine change 10 20 30 40 50 A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! 9 11/2/2016 CIP – Ciprofloxacin change A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! Conclusions – Swine Compost Less CIP after Composting Residual CIP Impacts Amount in Soil No Residual Sulfadiazine or Chlortetracycline Antibiotics in Soil could Impact Soil Microbes Mineralization A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! 10 11/2/2016 Impact of Residual Antibiotics to Soil Can increase rates of ammonia losses reduce rates of N2 losses Composting can eliminate or reduce the antibiotic concentration going to the soil. A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu All About Discovery! What about HORMONES? And other antibiotics A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 11 11/2/2016 Degradation of veterinary antibiotics and hormone during broiler manure composting. Yo Bin Ho et al., 2013. Bioresource Technology 131:476-484 Tested Norfloxacin, Tilmicosin, Progesterone (hormone), Doxycycline, Erythromyacin, Trimethoprim, Enrofloxacin, Flumequine, Sulfadiazine, & Tylosin. Triplicate composting bins A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu • Norfloxacin (ppm): – 5.09 <MQL • Tilmicosin: – 5.24 <MQL • Progesterone – 6.31 <MQL A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 12 11/2/2016 Doxycycline (ppm) . 13.64 0.027 Erythromycin . 36.77 <MQL Trimethoprim . 21.98 0.022 A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu • Enrofloxacin . 36.67 0.014 • Flumequine . 42.03 <MQL • Sulfadiazine . 30.64 <MQL •Tylosin . 62.57 <MQL A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 13 11/2/2016 Removal Efficiency by Composting 99.27% 99.98% A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Questions? A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 14 11/2/2016 What About Herbicides? A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Sources of Carbon / Organic Material OH OH O HO = C C C H C CC OH OH glucose O O H = = C N P OH glyphosate HO CC H HHH OH A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 15 11/2/2016 For example: OH OH O HO = C C C H C CC OH OH Glucose (C6H6O6) A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu But, before glyphosate gets to the compost the plant has metabolized it into… O O H Aminomethylphosphonic acid = N = C P OH (AMPA) CC HHHO HH OH Glyphosate Harmful? Being tested for in (C3H8NO5P) water. No data for compost but likely ends up as inert. A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 16 11/2/2016 However, A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Rapidly decomposing herbicides • Diquat (C12H12Br2N2) • Paraquat (C12H14Cl2N2) • Roundup (C3H8NO5P) / AMPA A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 17 11/2/2016 Thorough Composting • Propanil (C9H9Cl2NO) • 2,4-D = 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (C9H6Cl2O3) A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Difficult / Persistent Mineral Based • Arsenic – Ingredient in some compounds • DSMA (Disodium methyl arsenate) Defoliant A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 18 11/2/2016 Difficult / Persisent Long Lasting Herbicides • Picloram (chlorinated picolinic acid) – Tordon / Grazon • Simazine (Triazine) – Sodium chlorate – Burndown herbicide A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu BIOASSAYS A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 19 11/2/2016 DETECTION LIMITS • Some labs detect down to 0.05 ppm –A problem if toxicity occurs at lower concentrations. –ppb level for potato A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu “Because of the nature of damage to plants…” – Picloram (a PGR: Plant Growth Regulator) • Found in “Tordon” – Clopyralid • is found in “Confront” and “Curtail” •long-lasting herbicides used to control broadleaf weeds. •“Confront” is used on turf •“Curtail” thistle control in ag settings A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 20 11/2/2016 Toxicity at extremely low concentrations Tolerant Plants • Sensitivity down to 0.01 ppb in Corn some plant families –Tomatoes –Tobacco Carrots –Beans –Peas Radishes –Potatoes A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Professional Use Herbicides • Chlopyralid (C6H3Cl2NO2) – Confront® • Aminopyralid – MilestoneTM – Forefront® • Aminocyclopyrachlor –Imprelis® A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 21 11/2/2016 Plant Sensitivity – WSU incident • Clopyralid from traces to >200 ppb were found in composted hay and manure @ WSU. – Grass hay and straw used in their animal feeding operations. – WSU now certifying vendors of grass hay and straw. • vendors have to guarantee product is free from herbicide contamination. • Certified sellers are the only ones from which purchases are made. A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Robert Flynn, Ph.D. Extension Plant Sciences [email protected] 575-748-1228 A ll A bout Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 22.