Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 An assessment of the methods that are used to recruit college students into the Turkish Hezbollah. TUNCAY UNAL Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/123 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tuncay Unal 2010 All Rights Reserved An assessment of the methods that are used to recruit college students into the Turkish Hezbollah. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University by Tuncay Unal B. A., Turkish Police Academy, Ankara, 1995 M.P.A., Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Director: William W. Newmann, Ph.D. Associate Professor L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia June, 2010 ii Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the chair of my dissertation committee, Dr. William W. Newmann who I was able complete this dissertation with his invaluable time, support, directions, and understanding. I also would to thank to my other committee members, Dr. Geary, Dr. Twigg, Dr. Kirkpatrick, and Dr. Levy for their time and their invaluable input to my dissertation. My special thanks to my family for their support and understanding during my education. I am grateful to my loving wife Ebru who showed great patience. I also would like to thank to my handsome sons, Mehmet Batuhan and Ahmet Burak. I would like to thank to my loved mother, Emine Unal who passed away during my education. She always supported me with her prays. I also would like to thank to my father, Ahmet Unal for his support. I am also grateful to my sisters, Nafiye Bulut, Ayfer Berkalp and to my brothers, Yusuf, and Adem. Special thanks to my brother-in-law, Sami Bulut and Talat Berkalp. I also would like to submit my thanks to Turkish National Police members who are in USA. A special thanks to Zeki Bulut, Mutlu Koseli, Yilmaz Simsek, Ahmet Turer, Ilkay Akyay, Ismail Yilmaz, Suleyman Demirci, Ali Zeytin, Orhan Bez, Sedat Polat, Mustafa Cosar Unal, Erol Oztas, and Ugur Akbal for their friendship and support. Additionally, my special thanks to Turkish National Police (TNP) for giving me such an excellent opportunity. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….… I Table of Contents …......................................................................................................... IV List of Tables …..………………………………………………………………………. IX List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………... XI Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Recruitment Effectiveness.................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Using social networks to recruit more militants ........................................... 6 1.2.2 Using institutional structures to recruit more militants................................. 7 1.3 Significance of Terrorism as a Problem ............................................................... 7 1.3.1 Unnoticed reasons behind terrorism ............................................................. 8 1.3.2 Determination of the terrorists ...................................................................... 8 1.4 Approaches to Terrorism Analysis ..................................................................... 10 1.4.1 The Multicausal Approach .......................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Political Approach ...................................................................................... 11 1.4.3 Organizational Approach ............................................................................ 12 1.4.4 Psychological Approach ............................................................................. 13 1.4.5 The Physiological Approach ....................................................................... 13 1.5 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................... 14 1.6 The Current Gap in the Literature ...................................................................... 16 1.7 Criminological Theories and Terrorism ............................................................. 17 1.7.1 Definition of terrorism ................................................................................ 18 1.8 Similarities and Differences of Crime and Terrorism ........................................ 19 1.9 Social Learning and Social Control Theories .................................................... 20 1.9.1 Social learning theory ................................................................................. 21 1.9.2 Social Control Theory ................................................................................. 24 1.10 Ethnic Origins of the Kurds ............................................................................ 28 iv 1.11 Ideology of the Turkish Islamic Movement ................................................... 29 1.12 The Turkish Hezbollah ................................................................................... 30 1.12.1 Religious motivated terror organizations and the Turkish Hezbollah ........ 33 1.13 Other terrorist organizations in Turkey .......................................................... 36 1.13.1 The PKK ..................................................................................................... 37 1.13.2 DHKP/C (Revolutionary People‟s Liberation Party/Front) ........................ 40 1.14 Recruitment Strategies of Other Terrorist Organizations in the World .......... 43 1.15 Research Questions and Hypotheses .............................................................. 44 1.16 Methods .......................................................................................................... 46 1.16.1 Dependent and Independent Variables ....................................................... 46 1.16.2 Regression Equation ................................................................................... 53 1.16.3 Population and Sample ............................................................................... 54 1.16.4 Data Collection and Instrument .................................................................. 55 1.16.5 Limitations .................................................................................................. 56 1.16.6 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 57 1.16.7 Reliability and Validity ............................................................................... 57 1.17 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 58 1.17.1 Religion. ...................................................................................................... 60 1.17.2 Economy. .................................................................................................... 61 1.17.3 Unemployment. ........................................................................................... 62 2 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................... 63 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 63 2.2 Criminological Theories and Terrorism ............................................................. 65 2.2.1 Definitions of terrorism............................................................................... 71 2.3 Social Learning and Social Control Theories .................................................... 78 2.3.1 Social learning theory ................................................................................. 79 2.3.2 Social Control Theory ................................................................................. 88 2.4 Recruitment Theories and Recruitment Patterns of Terror Organizations ......... 95 2.4.1 The Political Process Model ....................................................................... 96 v 2.4.2 Differential Recruitment Theory................................................................. 96 2.4.3 The Net Method .......................................................................................... 98 2.4.4 The Funnel Method ..................................................................................... 98 2.4.5 The Infection Method ................................................................................. 99 2.4.6 The Seed Crystal ......................................................................................... 99 2.5 Recruitment Strategies of Other Terrorist Organizations in the World ........... 100 2.6 Religion and Terrorism .................................................................................... 102 2.6.1 Transnational Islamist Terrorism: Al Qaeda............................................