EUROPEAN SUMMER SCHOOL IN LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY Porquerolles, September 2016 TRANSITIVITY, VALENCY, AND VOICE Denis Creissels DDL (UMR 5596) & Université Lyon 2 [email protected] http://deniscreissels.fr TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations Lesson 1: Transitive coding and other verbal predicative constructions 1.1. Some terminological clarifications 1.1.1. Arguments and adjuncts 1.1.2. Valency, transitivity and voice 1.1.2.1. Valency, argument structure, coding frames 1.1.2.2. Transitivity 1.1.2.3. Voice 1.1.3. Syntactic transitivity 1.1.3.1. Core transitive verbs 1.1.3.2. Syntactically transitive verbs 1.1.4. Basic transitive coding 1.1.4.1. TAM/polarity-conditioned transitive coding 1.1.4.2. Differential coding of agents or patients 1.1.4.3. Basic transitive construction and intransitive constructions of transitive verbs 1.1.4.4. Multiple transitive coding 1.1.5. Direct/inverse marking in transitive constructions 1.1.5.1. Definition 1.1.5.2. The domains of direct/inverse marking 1.1.5.3. Rigid vs. flexible systems of direct/inverse marking 1.1.6. Core arguments vs. obliques 1.1.6.1. Core arguments 1.1.6.2. Obliques 1.1.7. Alignment 1.1.8. Zero case 1.2. Transitive coding typology 1.2.1. Introductory remarks 1.2.2. Joint vs. disjoint A/P coding 1.2.3. Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical transitive constructions 1.2.4. Subtypes of symmetrical transitive constructions ESSLT – Denis Creissels, Transitivity, valency, and voice , p. 4 / 157 1.2.5. Subtypes of fully asymmetrical transitive constructions 1.2.6. Subtypes of partially asymmetrical transitive constructions 1.2.7. Transitive constructions with conflicting asymmetries 1.2.8. Variation in transitive coding and the characterization of the transitive coding system of individual languages as A- or P-centered 1.2.8.1. Variation in transitive coding that does not affect the possibility of characterizing the transitive coding system as a whole as A- or P-centered 1.2.8.2. Variation in transitive coding making impossible the characterization of the transitive coding system as a whole as A- or P-centered 1.3. The Obligatory Coding Principle 1.3.1. The Obligatory Coding Principle as a reformulation of the distinction between morphologically accusative and morphologically ergative languages 1.3.2. Impersonality and the Obligatory Coding Principle 1.3.2.1. Introductory remarks 1.3.2.2. Impersonal constructions 1.3.2.3. Anti-impersonal constructions 1.4. Relationship between types of transitive coding and types of alig nment 1.4.1. Correlation between transitive coding typology and the Obligatory Coding Principle 1.4.2. A-unmarked vs. P-unmarked systems of argument coding 1.4.3. Atypical systems of argument coding 1.5. Transitive coding and valency 1.5.1. Bivalent verbs and transitivity 1.5.2. Trivalent verbs and transitivity 1.5.2.1. Extended-transitive coding and double-transitive coding 1.5.2.2. Indirective vs. secondative alignment 1.5.2.3. Hierarchy in double-transitive constructions 1.5.2.4. Dative coding 1.5.3. Monovalent verbs and transitivity 1.5.3.1. Light verb constructions 1.5.3.2. Cognate P constructions with intransitive verbs 1.5.3.3. Other types of atypical P’s: the case of Soninke and Manding 1.5.3.4. Time phrases encoded as the A term of a transitive construction Lesson 2: Valency -decreasing voices ESSLT – Denis Creissels, Transitivity, valency, and voice , p. 5 / 157 2.1. A/U -demoting voices 2.1.1. Canonical passive constructions 2.1.1.1. Passive constructions including an oblique agent phrase 2.1.1.2. Agentless passives 2.1.1.3. Constraints on the use of passive constructions 2.1.2. Impersonal passives from transitive verbs 2.1.3. Extension of passive morphology to U-demotion 2.1.3.1. Oblique passives 2.1.3.2. Impersonal passives from intransitive verbs 2.1.3.3. The adversative passive of Japanese 2.1.4. Syncretic passives and the origin of passive constructions 2.1.4.1. The passive-resultative syncretism 2.1.4.2. The passive-middle syncretism 2.1.4.3. The passive-antipassive syncretism 2.1.4.4. The passive-causative syncretism 2.1.4.5. Others 2.1.5. Impersonal voices 2.1.6. Oblique voices 2.2. P-demotion: the antipassive voice 2.2.1. Definition 2.2.2. Typology of antipassive derivations 2.2.3. The functions of antipassive derivations, and the relationship between antipassive and the Obligatory Coding Principle 2.2.4. Antipassives in Obligatory A Coding languages: evidence from Subsaharan languages 2.2.4.1. Introductory remarks 2.2.4.2. Bantu antipassives 2.2.4.3. West African antipassives 2.2.5. Dedicated vs. syncretic antipassive voices, and the origin of antipassive voices 2.2.5.1. Antipassive, reflexive, and reciprocal 2.2.5.2. Other possible sources of antipassive markers 2.2.5.3. The antipassive-causative syncretism 2.2.5.4. Antipassive markers also found in constructions involving no valency change 2.2.6. Non-canonical antipassives 2.3. Reflexive and reciprocal ESSLT – Denis Creissels, Transitivity, valency, and voice , p. 6 / 157 2.3.1. Reflexive events, reflexive construction, reflexive voice 2.5.1.1. Quasi reflexive events and the notion of middle voice 2.5.1.2. From reciprocal to middle 2.5.1.3. Further extensions 2.3.2. Reciprocal events, reciprocal constructions, reciprocal voice 2.3.3. The reflexive-reciprocal syncretism 2.3.4. Reciprocity, co-participation, and antipassive 2.4. Anticausative and resultative 2.4.1. Anticausative 2.4.2. The resultative 2.5. The middle 2.5.1. Quasi reflexive events and the notion of middle voice 2.5.2. Passive middles 2.5.3. Antipassive middles 2.5.4. Impersonal middles 2.5.5. Middle marking without reduction of the number of arguments 2.5.6. Lexicalized middles Lesson 3: Valency -increasing voices and voice combinations 3.1. The causative voice 3.1.1. Definitions 3.1.2. Direct vs. indirect causation 3.1.3. Restrictions on causative derivations, double causatives 3.1.4. The causee in the construction of causative verb forms 3.1.5. Possible sources of causative voices 3.1.5.1. The grammaticalization path causation verb > causative auxiliary > causative derivational affix 3.1.5.2. Others ESSLT – Denis Creissels, Transitivity, valency, and voice , p. 7 / 157 3.1.6. Non-canonical causatives, lexicalized causatives 3.1.6.1. Causative voice and underspecified transitivization 3.1.6.2. Causative voice and perspectivization 3.1.6.3. Causative voice encoding an increase in the agentivity of a participant 3.1.7. Syncretic causatives 3.1.7.1. The passive-causative syncretism 3.1.7.2. The antipassive-causative syncretism 3.1.7.3. The causative-applicative syncretism 3.1.7.4. The causative-iterative syncretism 3.2. The applicative voice 3.2.1. Definition 3.2.2. Optional applicatives 3.2.3. Obligatory applicatives 3.2.4. The treatment of the initial P in applicatives from transitives 3.2.5. Semantically specialized vs. unspecified applicatives 3.2.6. Applicatives in diachrony 3.2.6.1. Adposition incorporation as a possible source of applicatives 3.2.6.2. Applicative periphrases 3.2.7. The causative-applicative syncretism 3.2.8. Non-canonical applicatives: the case of Tswana 3.2.8.1. Applicative derivation and the promotion of instrumental adjuncts 3.2.8.2. Applicative derivation and the semantic role of locative phrases: general remarks 3.2.8.3. Verbs of movement that cannot assign the role of source or destination 3.2.8.4. Verbs of movement that can assign the role of source 3.8.2.5. Verbs that do not express movement 3.2.8.6. Applicative derivation and the focalization of locative phrases 3.2.8.7. Discussion 3.3. Some rare types of valency increasing derivations 3.3.1. The possessive voice of Wolof 3.3.2. Others 3.4. Voice combinations 3.4.1. Combinations of voices with a compositional meaning 3.4.2. Combinations of voices with non-compositional interpretations ESSLT – Denis Creissels, Transitivity, valency, and voice , p. 8 / 157 Lesson 4: Morphologically undirected valency alternations 4.1. Equipollent derivation in valency alternations 4.2. Inflectional classes of verbs an d valency (inflectional voices) 4.3. Auxiliary selection and valency 4.4. A note on unexpressed arguments 4.5. Ambitransitivity 4.5.2. Major types of ambitransitivity 4.5.3. A typology of ambitransitivity 4.5.3.1. Introductory remarks 4.5.3.2. A-lability, P-lability, reflexive lability, and reciprocal lability 4.5.3.3. Argument structure preserving vs. argument structure modifying ambitransitivity 4.5.3.4. Weak vs. strong ambitransitivity 4.5.4. Two semantic types of P-lability 4.5.5. Two semantic types of A-lability 4.5.6. Underspecified ambitransitivity 4.6. A-P reversal 4.7. A~X lability 4.8. Locative lability 4.9. Impersonal lability 4.9.1. Unmarked impersonalization of transitive constructions with demotion of A to oblique 4.9.2. Impersonal lability in presentational constructions 4.9.3. Other instances of impersonal lability 4.10. G-lability 4.11. Alternations between terms of predicative constructions and adnominal possessors 4.11.1. External possession ESSLT – Denis Creissels, Transitivity, valency, and voice , p. 9 / 157 4.11.2. ‘Indirect object lowering’ Lesson 5: Incorporation and transitivity 5.1. Incorporation as a morphological operation 5.2. Argument incorporation 5.3. Possessive incorporation 5.4. Modifying incorporation 5.5. Classificatory incorporation 5.6. Incorporation in diachrony 5.7. Incorporation and transitivity marking: the case of Soninke 5.7.1.