An Apparent Helical Outflow from a Massive Evolved Star: Evidence for Binary Interaction?! Ryan M. Lau (Caltech/JPL) SOFIA Community Tele-talk Mar 9th, 2016 Collaborators: Matt Hankins, Terry Herter, Mark Morris, Betsy Mills, Mike Ressler An Outline • Background:"Massive"stars"and"the"influence" of"binarity" " • This"Work:"A"dusty,"conical"helix"extending" from"a"Wolf7Rayet"Star" " • The"Future:"Exploring"Massive"Stars"with"the" James"Webb"Space"Telescope" 2" Massive Stars: Galactic Energizers and Refineries • Dominant"sources"of"opFcal"and"UV"photons" heaFng"dust" " • Exhibit"strong"winds,"high"massJloss,"and"dust" producFon"aKer"leaving"the"main"sequence" "" • Explode"as"supernovae"driving"powerful" shocks"and"enriching"the"interstellar"medium" 3" Massive Stars: Galactic Energizers and Refineries Arches"and"Quintuplet"Cluster" at"the"GalacFc"Center" Gal."N" 10"pc" Spitzer/IRAC"(3.6","5.8,"and"8.0"um)" 4" Massive Stars: Galactic Energizers and Refineries Arches"and"Quintuplet"Cluster" at"the"GalacFc"Center" Pistol"Star"and"Nebula" 1"pc" Pa"and"ConFnuum"" 10"pc" Spitzer/IRAC"(3.6","5.8,"and"8.0"um)" 5" Massive stars are not born alone… Binary"InteracCon"Pie"Chart" >70%"of"all"massive" stars"will"exchange" mass"with"companion"" Sana+"(2012)" 6" Influence of Binarity on Stellar Evolution of Massive Stars Binary"InteracCon"Pie"Chart" >70%"of"all"massive" stars"will"exchange" mass"with"companion"" Mass"exchange"will" effect"stellar"luminosity" and"massJloss"rates…" Sana+"(2012)" 7" Influence of Binarity on Stellar Evolution of Massive Stars Binary"InteracCon"Pie"Chart" >70%"of"all"massive" stars"will"exchange" mass"with"companion"" Mass"exchange"will" effect"stellar"luminosity" and"massJloss"rates…" Binary'interac+on' heavily'influences' massive'star'evolu+on' Sana+"(2012)" 8" A (simplified) story of an interacting massive binary A"Close,"Massive"Binary"on"the"MS" Gainer" Donor" (Secondary)" (Primary)" 10" Donor"exits"MS"and"Fills"Roche"Lobe" Gainer" Donor" 11" Gainer"accretes"mass"and"spins"up." Donor"loses"its"HJenvelope"(becomes"a" WolfJRayet"Star)" Gainer" Donor" 12" Donor"Explodes"as"Type"Ibc"SN"(no"H)" Gainer" Donor" 13" Gainer"gets"kicked"from"birth"cluster," or…" Gainer" 14" …depending"on"the"SN"explosion" symmetry,"the"donor"may"remain"bound" Donor" Gainer" 15" Evidence of Binary Interaction: “Sloppy Stellar Cannibalism” Mauerhan+"(2015)" 16" Evidence of Binary Interaction: Dusty Precessing Outflow? WR102c" 30’’" Lau+"(2016)" 17" Not the first helical “jet” found around a massive, evolved star… AG"Carinae" Visible" “This"feature"is"extremely"well" defined"in"the"B,"V,"I"images"and" seems"to"consist"of"two"thick"helical" filaments"spiraling"towards"the" external"porFon"of"the"nebula""" (Paresce"&"Nota"1989)" A"possible"origin"" Formed"due"to"a"precessing"accreFon" disk"from"an"invisible"secondary"star"" 10’’" Nota+"(1995)" 18" This Work: A Conical Dusty Helix Extending from the Wolf-Rayet Star WR102c WR102c, a Luminous Wolf-Rayet Star near the Quintuplet Cluster HST/NICMOS" WR"102c" Quintuplet"Cluster" (~4"7"6"Myr)" WR102c"ProperCes"(Figer+"1999a,Steinke+"2015)" • Nitrogen7rich"Wolf7Rayet"star"(WN6)"with" ~1600"km/s"winds" 3"pc" " • 5 Pα"and"ConFnuum"" L*"~4"×"10 "LSun,"T*"~"70000"K,"Mi"~"40"Msun" Dong+"(2011),"Wang+"(2010)" 20" Warm Dust Emission around the Quintuplet Cluster and WR102c SoFIA/FoRCAST" WR"102c" WR102c"ProperCes"(Figer+"1999a,Steinke+"2015)" • Nitrogen7rich"Wolf7Rayet"star"(WN6)"with" ~1600"km/s"winds" 3"pc" " • 5 Warm"Dust" L*"~4"×"10 "LSun,"T*"~"70000"K,"Mi"~"40"Msun" Lau+"(2014b)" 21" A Dusty Conical Helix Extending from WR102c? Helix"and"WR"102c" 1"pc" 3"pc" Warm"Dust" Lau+"(2014b)" 22" Linking the Helix and WR102c Helix"and"WR"102c" 1"pc" ObservaConal"Evidence" 1. Dust"and"gas"morphology" 3"pc" 2. Dust"EnergeCcs"and"ComposiCon" 3. Lack"of"cold"dust"emission"" Warm"Dust" 23" 1. Dust and Gas Morphology N" J Helix"extends"~1.5"pc"from"WR102c" J Different"from"filamentary"morphology"of"Sickle" J OrientaCon"consistent"with"bipolar"lobes"around" WR102c" Warm"Dust" 24" A A 2. Dust SED and Composition Helix East SED Helix West SED M M M M 100.0 B Tot " 0.0017 " 100.0 C Tot " 0.0013 " 50.0 50.0 " 10.0 " 10.0 Jy !! Jy !! ! 5.0 ! 5.0 Flux Flux 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 dQC " 2.4 pc dQC " 3. pc d# " 0.9 pc d# " 0.5 pc 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Helix East SED Helix West SED Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" M M M M 100.0 B Tot " 0.0017 " 100.0 C Tot " 0.0013 " Sickle Handle SED Sickle Blade SED 50.0 50.0 100.0 M " M 100.0 M " M " 10.0 " 10.0 D Tot 0.0025 " E Tot 0.0081 " Jy !! Jy !! 50.0 50.0 ! 5.0 ! 5.0 !! !! aSG"~"0.001"μm" Flux Flux " 10.0 " 10.0 aLG"~"0.01"μm" 1.0 1.0 Jy Jy ! ! 0.5 0.5 5.0 5.0 dQC " 2.4 pc dQC " 3. pc d# " 0.9 pc d# " 0.5 pc Flux Flux 1.0 1.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.5 d 0.5 d QC " 4.2 pc aSG"~"0.001"μm" QC " 5.5 pc Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" d# " 0.7 pc d# " 7.2 pc 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Sickle Handle SED Sickle Blade SED Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" M M M M 100.0 D Tot " 0.0025 " 100.0 E Tot " 0.0081 " Dust"Mass:"M50.0 D"~"0.01"MSun" 50.0 !! !! " 10.0 " 10.0 Warm"Dust" Jy Jy ! 5.0 ! 5.0 Flux Flux 1.0 1.0 25" 0.5 0.5 dQC " 4.2 pc dQC " 5.5 pc d# " 0.7 pc d# " 7.2 pc 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" A A Helix East SED Helix West SED M M M M 100.0 B Tot " 0.0017 " 100.0 C Tot " 0.0013 " 50.0 50.0 " 10.0 " 10.0 Jy !! 3.Jy Lack of Cold!! Dust ! 5.0 ! 5.0 Flux Flux 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 dQC " 2.4 pc dQC " 3. pc d# " 0.9 pc d# " 0.5 pc 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" Sickle Handle SED Sickle Blade SED Helix East SED Helix West SED M M M M M M M M 100.0 B Tot " 0.0017 " 100.0 C Tot " 0.0013 " 100.0 D Tot " 0.0025 " 100.0 E Tot " 0.0081 " 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 !! !! " " " " 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Jy !! Jy !! ! ! Jy Jy ! 5.0 ! 5.0 5.0 5.0 Flux Flux Flux Flux 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 d 0.5 d 0.5 0.5 QC " 2.4 pc QC " 3. pc dQC " 4.2 pc dQC " 5.5 pc d# " 0.9 pc d# " 0.5 pc d# " 0.7 pc d# " 7.2 pc 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" Sickle Handle SED Sickle Blade SED M M M M 100.0 D Tot " 0.0025 " 100.0 E Tot " 0.0081 " 50.0 50.0 !! Warm"Dust" !! " 10.0 " 10.0 Jy Jy ! 5.0 26" ! 5.0 Flux Flux 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 dQC " 4.2 pc dQC " 5.5 pc d# " 0.7 pc d# " 7.2 pc 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Wavelength !Μm" Wavelength !Μm" Outflow Kinematics? A B BrΓ Line Shift Along Helix Slit 1.4 1.2 Δv"~"20"km/s" 1.0 ! 0.8 NE ! ! C NE 0.6 C ! SW Normalized Flux 0.4 30'' 0.2 SW ~"1"pc" 0.0 Paschen"Α !10 !5 0 5 10 Spectral Pixel Offset !"45 km"s per pix# observaFons"from"the"Palomar/TripleSpec" Consistent'with'helical'ou6low' J""R"~"3000"nearJIR"spectrograph" kinema+cs,'but'need'higher' spectral'resolu+on'follow>up! 27" When would the helix have formed? Dust"will"not"condense"in"the"high"velocity" (~1000"km/s)"ourlows"from"WolfJRayet" stars…" …likely"formed"during"previous,"erupFve" Luminous"blue"variable"(LBV)"or"Red" supergiant"(RSG)"phase" 28" For Example: M1-67 around WR 124 OpCcal" Mid7IR"(WISE)" Nebula"believed"to"have"an"LBV"origin" " ~"50"km/s"Nebula"expansion"velocity" and"~700"km/s"Central"WR"winds"" (FernandezJMarFn+"2013"and"ref"therein)" (Toala+"2015)"" 29" Other WR Nebulae… (Toala+"2015)"" 30" Interpretation of Helical Outflow? WR102c" A"dusty,"precessing"polar"oublow"from"WR102c" during"previous"LBV/RSG"phase" 31" A Precessing Outflow Model J"Ourlow"model" (green"line)"assumes" WR102c" a"velocity"of"~80"km/s" " J"Best"fit"implies" precession"period"of" ~14000"yr" " 7"Mean"mass"loss"rate" 75 71 of"~4"×"10 "Msun"yr " 32" Why would it be precessing? A"Bloated"Star" J LBVs"are"observed"to"have"high" rotaConal"velociCes"(Groh+" 2009)"and"are"likely"“bloated”" around"the"equator" " J Due"to"gravity"darkening"at"the" equator,"the"ourlow"is"believed" to"be"strongest"at"poles"" (Dwarkadas"&"Owocki"2002)" ..what"is"it"interacFng"with?" 33" What causes WR102c to precess? a disk? 34" What causes WR102c to precess? a disk? Unlikely because… Will not survive strong winds from central star 35" What causes WR102c to precess? Companion? Binary" 36" What causes WR102c to precess? Companion? - Will survive longer than 2 × 104 yr Binary" - Compact remnant? - Consistent with being kicked from cluster - No x-ray emission indicating colliding winds a with MS- companion 37" What causes WR102c to precess? Companion? - Will survive longer than 2 × 104 yr Binary" - Compact remnant? - Consistent with being kicked from cluster - No x-ray emission indicating colliding winds a with MS- companion 38" Orbital Constraints on WR102c Binary" (Derived"from"observaCons)" (Adopted"values)" For"forced"precession"by"binary:" Orbital"period"is"a"funcFon"of…"precession"period,"primary"and" companion"masses,"primary"rotaFon"rate,"primary"equatorial" radius,"and"the"angle"between"the"spin"and"orbital"axes" 39" Orbital Constraints on WR102c Binary" 800 d< Orbital Period < 1400 days 40" Consistent with Orbital Period Range of Binary Interaction Sana+"(2012)" 800 d< Orbital Period < 1400 days 41" Other Helices? 42" Other Helices? 1"pc" 1"pc" v ~ 50 km/s N" 24"μm" Proper motion consistent Identified by Wachter+ (2010) with morphology 43" Evidence for Binary Interaction J Presented"evidence"of"a"helical"ourlow"from"the" massive,"evolved"star"WR102c"(and"2"others)" " J Interpreted"as"a"collimated"ourlow"from"previous" LBV/RSG"phase"and"precessing"due"an"unseen"binary" J The"next"step:"followJup"observaFons"on"other"