3.8 Marine Invertebrates HAWAII-SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS AUGUST 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.8 MARINE INVERTEBRATES ........................................................................................................... 3.8-1 3.8.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3.8-2 3.8.1.1 Endangered Species Act-Listed Species ................................................................................... 3.8-2 3.8.1.2 Federally Managed Species ..................................................................................................... 3.8-3 3.8.1.3 Taxonomic Groups ................................................................................................................... 3.8-4 3.8.2 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................. 3.8-5 3.8.2.1 Invertebrate Hearing and Vocalization .................................................................................... 3.8-7 3.8.2.2 General Threats ....................................................................................................................... 3.8-8 3.8.2.3 Black Abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) ...................................................................................... 3.8-10 3.8.2.4 White Abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) ....................................................................................... 3.8-12 3.8.2.5 Fuzzy Table Coral (Acropora paniculata) ............................................................................... 3.8-14 3.8.2.6 Irregular Rice Coral (Montipora dilatata) .............................................................................. 3.8-16 3.8.2.7 Blue Rice Coral (Montipora flabellate) .................................................................................. 3.8-17 3.8.2.8 Sandpaper Rice Coral (Montipora patula) ............................................................................. 3.8-17 3.8.2.9 Forminiferans, Radiolarians, Ciliates (Phylum Protozoa)....................................................... 3.8-18 3.8.2.10 Sponges (Phylum Porifera) .................................................................................................. 3.8-18 3.8.2.11 Corals, Hydroids, Jellyfish (Phylum Cnidaria) ....................................................................... 3.8-19 3.8.2.12 Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes) .................................................................................. 3.8-20 3.8.2.13 Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea) .................................................................................... 3.8-21 3.8.2.14 Round Worms (Phylum Nematoda) ..................................................................................... 3.8-21 3.8.2.15 Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida) ................................................................................ 3.8-21 3.8.2.16 Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa) ............................................................................................... 3.8-22 3.8.2.17 Squid, Bivalves, Sea Snails, Chitons (Phylum Molluska) ...................................................... 3.8-22 3.8.2.18 Shrimp, Crab, Lobster, Barnacles, Copepods (Phylum Arthropoda) .................................... 3.8-23 3.8.2.19 Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers (Phylum Echinodermata) ...................................... 3.8-23 3.8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ................................................................................................... 3.8-23 3.8.3.1 Acoustic Stressors .................................................................................................................. 3.8-24 3.8.3.2 Energy Stressors ..................................................................................................................... 3.8-39 3.8.3.3 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ............................................................................. 3.8-43 3.8.3.4 Entanglement Stressors ......................................................................................................... 3.8-60 3.8.3.5 Ingestion Stressors ................................................................................................................. 3.8-67 3.8.4 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS (COMBINED IMPACTS OF ALL STRESSORS) ON MARINE INVERTEBRATES . 3.8-75 3.8.4.1 Combined Impacts of All Stressors ........................................................................................ 3.8-75 3.8.4.2 Endangered Species Act Determinations............................................................................... 3.8-76 3.8.4.3 Essential Fish Habitat Determinations ................................................................................... 3.8-76 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 3.8-1: STATUS OF ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT-LISTED AND SPECIES PROPOSED FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT LISTING WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................................................................... 3.8-3 TABLE 3.8-2: FEDERALLY MANAGED MARINE INVERTEBRATE SPECIES WITH ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT WITHIN THE STUDY AREA, COVERED UNDER EACH FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................................. 3.8-4 TABLE 3.8-3: MAJOR TAXONOMIC GROUPS OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES IN THE HAWAII-SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRAINING AND TESTING STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................................................................... 3.8-4 TABLE 3.8-4: SUMMARY OF PROXIMATE THREATS TO CORAL SPECIES ................................................................................... 3.8-9 MARINE INVERTEBRATES i HAWAII-SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS AUGUST 2013 TABLE 3.8-5: SUMMARY OF ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT DETERMINATIONS FOR MARINE INVERTEBRATES FOR THE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3.8-77 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 3.8-1: LOCATIONS OF WHITE ABALONE IN THE HAWAII-SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRAINING AND TESTING STUDY AREA ...... 3.8-13 FIGURE 3.8-2: PREDICTION OF DISTANCE TO 90 PERCENT SURVIVABILITY OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES EXPOSED TO AN UNDERWATER EXPLOSION (YOUNG 1991) ................................................................................................................................ 3.8-31 MARINE INVERTEBRATES ii HAWAII-SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS AUGUST 2013 3.8 MARINE INVERTEBRATES MARINE INVERTEBRATES SYNOPSIS The United States Department of the Navy considered all potential stressors, and the following have been analyzed for marine invertebrates: • Acoustic (sonar and other active acoustic sources, underwater explosives) • Energy (electromagnetic devices) • Physical disturbance and strike (vessels and in-water devices, military expended materials, seafloor devices) • Entanglement (fiber optic cables and guidance wires, parachutes) • Ingestion (military expended materials) • Secondary Preferred Alternative (Alternative 2) • Acoustics: Pursuant to the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the use of sonar and other active acoustic sources would have no effect on ESA-listed black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) or white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) species or on ESA-listed coral species. Underwater explosives may affect but are not likely to adversely affect black abalone or white abalone, and would have no effect on ESA-listed coral species. Acoustic stressors would have no effect on designated critical habitat. • Energy: Pursuant to the ESA, the use of electromagnetic devices would have no effect on ESA-listed black abalone, white abalone or coral species. Energy stressors would have no effect on designated critical habitat. • Physical Disturbance and Strike: Pursuant to the ESA, the use of vessels and in-water devices, military expended materials, and seafloor devices may affect but is not likely to adversely affect ESA-listed black abalone and white abalone, and would have no effect on coral species proposed for ESA listing. Physical disturbance and strike stressors would have no effect on designated critical habitat. • Entanglement: Pursuant to the ESA, the use of fiber optic cables and guidance wires, and parachutes would have no effect on ESA-listed black abalone, white abalone or coral species. Entanglement stressors would have no effect on designated critical habitat. • Ingestion: Pursuant to the ESA, the potential for ingestion of military expended materials would have no effect on ESA-listed black abalone, white abalone or coral species. • Secondary: Pursuant to the ESA, secondary stressors may affect, but are not likely to adversely affect, ESA-listed black abalone and white abalone, and would not affect coral species proposed for ESA listing. Secondary stressors would have no effect on designated critical habitat. MARINE INVERTEBRATES 3.8-1 HAWAII-SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS AUGUST 2013 MARINE INVERTEBRATES SYNOPSIS Preferred Alternative (Alternative 2, continued) • Pursuant to the Essential Fish Habitat requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act and implementing regulations, the use of sonar and other active acoustic sources; electromagnetic sources; vessel movement;