Understanding the Leave vote Author: Kirby Swales Acknowledgements: Thank you to the following people who assisted in the production of this report: Allison Dunatchik, Anne Summers, Curtis Jessop, Ian Simpson, John Curtice, Leigh Marshall, Martin Wood, Matt Jonas and Sean Willmott. With thanks also to UK and a Changing Europe and ESRC for funding this project. NatCen Social Research 35 Northampton Square London EC1V 0AX Tel. 020 7250 1866 Fax. 020 7250 1524 E-mail: [email protected] www.natcen.ac.uk Cover photo: BTN/LMUG photowalk. 2012. © Flickr/Betsy Weber Contents 1 Summary 2 2 Introduction 3 Data sources 3 3 Background 4 The rise of Euroscepticism 4 What tipped the balance? 5 4 The demographics of the vote 7 Objective characteristics 7 Subjective characteristics 7 5 The policy issues at stake 13 Which issues were most important in the Referendum? 13 Did views on the EU vote match wider policy concerns? 14 The EU vote in the context of general political attitudes 15 6 The politics of the vote 19 The role of ‘new’ voters 19 Understanding turnout 19 How did political allegiance influence the vote? 20 Did the public know where MPs stood? 21 7 Segmenting the population 25 8 Conclusions 27 Notes and references 28 NatCen Social Research: Understanding the Leave vote 1 1 Summary Identity politics played a role The Leave victory was not about objective demographics alone. Matters of identity were equally, if not more strongly, associated with the Leave vote – particularly feelings of national identity and sense of change over time. Voters not persuaded by arguments about economic risks The Leave campaign resonated more strongly with the public. There was a greater sense of certainty about what impact leaving the EU would have on immigration and independence. People were less persuaded by the Remain campaign’s focus on the economic risks. ‘New voters’ leant towards Leave The Referendum attracted a group of ‘new voters’ who did not participate in the 2015 General Election. A majority (60%) of this group voted Leave. The vote split across traditional party lines The Referendum was not decided along typical party political lines. It is clear that Conservative supporters rejected the position of their party leader, David Cameron. However, the position of Conservative MPs was better understood by the public than that of their Labour counterparts. Conventional left-right politics do not help explain the Referendum vote. The public splits across party lines and people’s broader social values were more helpful at explaining the result. Turnout favoured Leave Turnout played a potentially decisive role. Those who said they leant towards Remain in the run- up to the Referendum were more likely to not vote (19% vs. 11% of Leave supporters). If turnout among supporters of both sides had been equal the vote would have been closer still. Leave brought together a broad coalition of voters The Leave campaign’s success was underpinned by a broad-based coalition of voters which is much more wide-ranging than the ‘left behind’. This included three main groups; affluent Eurosceptics, the older working class and a smaller group of economically disadvantaged, anti- Immigration voters. 2 NatCen Social Research: Understanding the Leave vote 2 Introduction What were the ‘real’ reasons behind the Brexit vote? It is one of the most pressing questions Data sources of our times and the level of comment and This report is based on a synthesis of evidence analysis has already been significant. The from three of the highest quality sources of answer matters because interpretations will data available on the EU Referendum. Data guide policy responses. Most obviously, it from other relevant sources and reports is also helps inform the type of relationship with the referenced where relevant. European Union that would be acceptable to public opinion as part of the eventual Brexit deal. Beyond this, what are the broader implications – for example, should it be British Social Attitudes interpreted as a call for more focus on tackling poverty, or income inequality, or for increasing British Social Attitudes is the longest running community cohesion? study of political, social and moral attitudes in Britain. The study is an annual cross-sectional The UK Government is already signalling a study using a sample of around 3,000 adults, major change in policy direction, in an attempt selected using a random probability method. to tackle what they believe to be the underlying The survey tracks attitudes to the EU and reasons for the Leave vote. In particular, relevant policy issues all the way back to 1983. Theresa May has stated that her Government will be focussed on supporting the ‘JAMs’ (just www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk about managing) and will be less driven by the needs of big business. The election of Donald Trump in the US has further reinforced a sense NatCen Panel Pre- and Post- of changing political times, and that these Referendum surveys results represent a shock to the political order. There are a number of important European The NatCen Panel is a research panel of elections in the coming year, which could also nearly 4,000 people in Britain, recruited via see a similar phenomenon. the British Social Attitudes survey, using a random probability sampling method. Those Social and political science has an important taking part receive invitations to take part in role to play in helping politicians and others surveys around once every two months.Two understand the vote to leave the EU, by surveys about the EU Referendum have been bringing evidence, analysis and theory to carried out using the panel; one just before bear. The purpose of this report is to provide a the Referendum, in May/Junea, and the other high-level overview of the main findings from afterwards in September. an analysis of the latest and highest quality data. We hope that it will stimulate debate, www.natcen.ac.uk/probability-panel discussion and further research. We use three main data sources, described below. This report, and the accompanying table annex British Election Study Internet Panel and discussion event, have been produced as part of the UK in Changing Europe initiative. The British Election Study Internet Panel is a We are very grateful to the ESRC for their panel of around 30,000 individuals. The panel support. was recruited using quota sampling methods, via YouGov’s self-selecting online panel. The panel study asks the same questions at key points over the electoral cycle so the evolution of voter attitudes can be tracked over time. www.britishelectionstudy.com NatCen Social Research: Understanding the Leave vote 3 3 Background This was not the first time the public had been The rise of Euroscepticism asked for their views on Britain’s relationship with Europe. The previous Referendum in On 23rd June 2016, the United Kingdom voted 1975 was called by the Labour Party, which to leave the European Union with 17.4 million was internally divided on the benefits of the people voting Leave and 16.1 million voting Conservative Government’s decision to join Remain (equivalent to 51.9% and 48.1%). The the European Economic Community (EEC) Referendum was called by a Conservative in 1973. The Referendum asked the public to Prime Minister in response to pressure from a vote ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to remaining in the EEC. In the strong Eurosceptic movement within his own event, Yes won with 67% of the vote, though party and the potential political threat from it should be noted that the vast majority of the the rise of the UK Independence Party. The media and political establishment supported Government was pro-Remain but it allowed remaining within the EEC.b senior members of the party to campaign for the Leave side. Figure 1. Long-term rise in Euroscepticism Leave the EU Stay in EU but reduce its powers 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Euro introduced UK votes leave in Referendum European Social Great recession EU bans export Charter signed begins, followed by of British beef Eurozone debt crisis Schengen agreement David Cameron introduced Ten new countries in promises renegotiation Eastern and Central and a referendum Maastricht treaty Europe join the EU Base: British Social Attitudes 1993-2015, expt. 1992 British Election Study 4 NatCen Social Research: Understanding the Leave vote Between 1975 and 2016, we have seen many against Europe, the majority clearly felt that, events in the history of British-European on balance, remaining in the EU was the best relations. NatCen has been tracking overall course of action. attitudes to the European Union since 1993 (see Figure 1).1 The core anti-European vote remained stable during the 1990s and early 2000s but rose steeply afterwards, doubling What tipped the balance? from 15% to 30% between 2006 and 2012. On the face of it, people were weighing up Alongside this, there has been a long-term rise the arguments and policies of the respective in more general scepticism about the EU. campaigns. For the Leave campaign, the key By 2015 there was clear evidence that the UK messages were mainly about ‘taking back was in a Eurosceptic mood, with two thirds control’ of borders, law-making, and the money opposed to the UK’s existing relationship Britain contributes to the EU budget. For the with the EU. Twenty two per cent said that Remain side, the main arguments were about we should leave the EU and 43% wanted a the economic benefits of membership and reduction in EU powers.