University of Alberta Community ecology of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the central sand hills of Alberta, and a key to the ants of Alberta by James Richard Nekolai Glasier A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology Department of Renewable Resources ©James Glasier Fall 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract In this study I examined ant biodiversity in Alberta. Over a two-year period, 41,791 ants were captured in pitfall traps on five sand hills in central Alberta and one adjacent aspen parkland community. Using additional collections, I produced a key to the 92 species of ants known from Alberta, Canada. The central Alberta sand hills had the highest recorded species richness (S = 35) reported in western Canada with local ant species richness inversely related to canopy cover. Forest fires occurred in the sand hills during both years of sampling, allowing me to examine the response of ants to fire. Species richness did not significantly change following fire, although individual species did change in abundance. Body size was the most influential variable in predicting changes in species abundance. This study underscores that ants in Alberta are more species-rich and have complex adaptations to disturbance. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Scott Nielsen and John Acorn for supporting me and helping me through the difficult process of constructing, testing, and writing a thesis. I also thank my committee member Dr. John Spence for comments, advice, and encouragement throughout my project. I would like to thank my examining committee member Dr. Heather Proctor for her support and help. Additionally I would like to thank my field assistant Caroline LeCourtois as well as all the other people who helped me with this project: Melissa Baron, Colin Bergeron, Matthias Buck, Ralph Cartar and Lab, Tyler Cobb, Carl Conradi, Sean Coogan, Gordon Court, Alicia Glasier, Linda Glasier, Christie Kneteman, Darin Molinaro, Jeffrey Newton, Danny Shpeley, Felix Sperling, Sonya Odsen, John Swann, Jeff Proudfoot, Mike Yang, and the ants themselves. Funding for this work was provided by ACA Grants in Biodiversity- supported by the Alberta Conservation Association and the Development Initiatives Program via Alberta Sports, Recreation, Parks, and Wildlife Foundation. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Background and Rational .............................................................................................................1 Ants as focal taxa for biodiversity research ........................................................................1 Diversity of ants in Alberta ..................................................................................................3 Ants in the sand hills of central Alberta...............................................................................3 Thesis Objectives .........................................................................................................................6 References ....................................................................................................................................6 Chapter 2: Key to the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Alberta: based primarily on the worker caste ..................................................................................................................................11 Introduction ................................................................................................................................11 Materials .....................................................................................................................................12 Overview of Fauna .....................................................................................................................12 Species List of the Formicidae of Alberta ..................................................................................13 Taxonomic Problems ..................................................................................................................16 Preparing Specimens for Use with this Key (Figures 2.1-2.95) .................................................17 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................19 Format of the Key ......................................................................................................................22 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................22 References ..................................................................................................................................23 Chapter 3: Central Alberta sand hills as biodiversity hotspots of northern Nearctic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) .....................................................................................................124 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................124 Study Areas ..............................................................................................................................126 Research Plots and Vegetation Physiognomies .......................................................................126 Specimen Sampling and Identification ....................................................................................127 Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................................128 Results ......................................................................................................................................128 Sample comparison ..........................................................................................................128 Diversity patterns by ecosystems and physiognomies .....................................................129 Species accumulation and species rank-abundance curves .............................................130 Discussion ................................................................................................................................130 Sand hills compared to aspen parkland ...........................................................................131 Diversity on sand hills .....................................................................................................132 Central Alberta sand hills as biodiversity hotspots of northern Nearctic ants................132 Notable species records from this study ..........................................................................134 References ................................................................................................................................135 Chapter 4: Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) body size influences post-fire changes in abundance ...................................................................................................................................152 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................152 Study Areas ..............................................................................................................................154 Research Plots ..........................................................................................................................155 Specimen Sampling and Identification ....................................................................................155 Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................................156 Results ......................................................................................................................................157 Discussion ................................................................................................................................159 Fire effects on total ant abundance and species richness................................................159 Species-specific responses to fire and relationships to life history traits ........................160 Notable changes in particular ant species post-fire ........................................................161 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................163 References ................................................................................................................................164