Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Indigeneity, Constitutional Changes and Urban Policies: Conflicting Realities in La Paz, Bolivia and Quito, Ecuador Thesis How to cite: Horn, Philipp (2015). Indigeneity, Constitutional Changes and Urban Policies: Conflicting Realities in La Paz, Bolivia and Quito, Ecuador. PhD thesis The University of Manchester. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2015 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.686747 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk INDIGENEITY, CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES AND URBAN POLICIES: CONFLICTING REALITIES IN LA PAZ, BOLIVIA AND QUITO, ECUADOR A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 PHILIPP HORN School of Environment, Education and Development Table of contents List of tables ......................................................................................................................... 5 List of figures ....................................................................................................................... 6 List of boxes ......................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 8 Declaration ........................................................................................................................... 9 Copyright Statement ......................................................................................................... 10 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 11 Note on Translations ......................................................................................................... 13 List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 14 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 16 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Studying indigeneity, constitutional changes and urban policies ................................. 19 1.3 Research aims, objectives and questions ...................................................................... 21 1.4 Research methodology .................................................................................................. 22 1.5 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................... 24 2 Literature review ............................................................................................................ 29 2.1 Indigeneity and its role in the city: shifting meanings in Bolivia and Ecuador ............ 29 2.1.1 Colonialism: rural ‘indians’ and urban ‘whites’ ............................................................................... 30 2.1.2 Modernisation: From ‘indians’ to peasants and urban cholos .......................................................... 33 2.1.3 Neoliberal multiculturalism: Indigenous peoples with and without rights ....................................... 36 2.1.4 Constitutional reforms and the recognition of urban indigeneity ..................................................... 44 2.1.5 Moving towards a study of indigeneity in urban policy and planning .............................................. 46 2.2 Public policy and urban planning: a process involving multiple social actors ............. 49 2.2.1 The role of social actors within the state .......................................................................................... 51 2.2.2 The role of urban indigenous target groups ...................................................................................... 58 2.3 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 67 3 Research approach and methods .................................................................................. 69 3.1 Research approach ........................................................................................................ 69 3.1.1 Ontological and epistemological background ................................................................................... 69 3.1.2 Research methodology ..................................................................................................................... 71 3.2 Stages of the research .................................................................................................... 75 3.2.1 Preparing the research and addressing ethical research issues .......................................................... 75 3.2.2 Beginning the fieldwork: approaching and selecting research sites ................................................. 76 3.2.3 Methods of data collection ................................................................................................................ 80 2 3.2.4 Data analysis and writing of the thesis ............................................................................................. 92 3.3 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 93 4 La Paz and Quito: city profiles ..................................................................................... 95 4.1 La Paz, Bolivia .............................................................................................................. 95 4.2 Quito, Ecuador ............................................................................................................ 107 4.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 114 5 The role of indigeneity in public policy and urban planning practice in La Paz ... 116 5.1 Bolivia’s national government .................................................................................... 117 5.2 The municipality of La Paz ......................................................................................... 125 5.2.1 Physical infrastructure improvements and participation schemes .................................................. 130 5.2.2 Spatial planning .............................................................................................................................. 132 5.2.3 Interculturalism within La Paz’s municipal government ................................................................ 134 5.3 The municipality of Palca ........................................................................................... 136 5.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 138 6 Indigenous identities and processes of political negotiation in La Paz ................... 141 6.1 Indigenous identities and asset demands in Pumakatari and Litoral........................... 142 6.1.1 Land as a physical asset .................................................................................................................. 144 6.1.2 Land as financial, natural and productive assets ............................................................................. 147 6.1.3 Land as a cultural asset ................................................................................................................... 150 6.2 Processes of contestation and political negotiation ..................................................... 154 6.2.1 Neighbourhood organisations and vecino leaders .......................................................................... 156 6.2.2 Indigenous peasant unions and indigenous leaders ........................................................................ 162 6.2.3 Folkloric associations and indigenous leaders ................................................................................ 167 6.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 170 7 The role of indigeneity in public policy and urban planning practice in Quito ..... 172 7.1 National government of Ecuador ................................................................................ 173 7.1.1 Institutional restructuring................................................................................................................ 175 7.1.2 Education and healthcare ................................................................................................................ 179 7.1.3 Urban development ......................................................................................................................... 181 7.2 The municipal government of Quito ........................................................................... 183 7.2.1 Institutional competencies .............................................................................................................