INTEGRAL AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF AGAVE INTEGRAL AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF AGAVE Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. CIATEJ, Red temática mexicana aprovechamiento integral sustentable y biotecnología de los agaves Agared, 2019 Sustainable and Integrated use of Agave is under Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/) The CIATEJ promotes for the fair and appropriate use of information of this document. When using copyrighted third-party images or texts to promote their material. It is required to be cited appropriately. This publication is available in electronic format (PDF) on the institutional website at https://ciatej.mx/el-ciatej/comunicacion/proyectos-de-divulgacion Compiled and reviewed by: Thematic 1: Gutiérrez Mora, Antonia, Ph. D. & Rodríguez Garay, Benjamin, Ph. D. Thematic 2: Estarrón Espinosa, Mirna, Ph. D.; Gschaedler Mathis, Anne Cristine, Ph. D.; Kirchmayr, Manuel Reinhart, Ph. D.; Moreno Terrazas, Rubén, Ph. D. & Lappe, Patricia, Ph. D. Thematic 3: Camacho Ruiz, Rosa María, Ph. D. & Ortiz Basurto, Rosa Isela, Ph. D. Thematic 4: Aguilar Uscanga, María Guadalupe, Ph. D. & Aguilar Juárez, Oscar, Ph. D. Thematic 5: Gallardo Valdez, Juana, Ph. D.; Hernández López, José de Jesús, Ph. D. & Sánchez Osorio, Ever, Ph. D. Editorial coordinator: Antonia Gutiérrez Mora, Ph. D. Style correction: Antonia Gutiérrez Mora, Ph. D. & Mirna Estarrón Espinosa, Ph. D. Editorial design: Jorge Valente García Hernández Photographs used were courtesy of CIATEJ by Jesús Fuentes González and José Juvencio Castañeda Nava & www.pixaby.com Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico 2019 CONACYT / CIATEJ / Agared Sustainable and Integrated use of Agave / Gutiérrez Mora, Antonia, Rodríguez Garay, Benjamin, Estarrón Espinosa, Mirna, Gschaedler Mathis, Anne Cristine, Kirchmayr, Manuel Reinhart, Moreno Terrazas, Rubén, Lappe, Patricia, Camacho Ruiz, Rosa María, Ortiz Basurto, Rosa Isela, Aguilar Uscanga, María Guadalupe, Aguilar Juárez, Oscar, Gallardo Valdez, Juana, Hernández López, José de Jesús & Sánchez Osorio, Ever. Address: 1227 Camino Arenero, El Bajío, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico Telephone number : +52 (33) 3345 5200 www.ciatej.mx 202 p.; 21.6 cm X 27.9 cm ISBN: 978-607-8734-03-0 4 Index Preface 5 Scientific trends on Agave 9 Application of two in vitro culture techniques for the conservation of agave germplasm 11 Aplied Cryobiotechnology for the Long-Term Conservation of Agave sobria spp frailensis 15 Apulose-degrading bacteria isolated from Agave angustifolia Haw 21 Efficient method for agave seed germination 27 Identification and characterization of new families of genes NBS-LRR in Agave tequilana 33 Insights into the anatomy and physiology of water and carbohydrate storage in leaves of three Agave species 39 Integrated Management and Control of the Agave Weevil at the National Agave Collection of the University of Guanajuato-SAGARPA 45 Micropropagation systems in Agave spp: common errors 51 Optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Agave tequilana Weber Var. Azul 55 Science and technology of Agave beverages and other derivatives 61 Analysis of the quality parameters of mezcal produced in the center region of the state of Guerrero 63 Isolation and selection of yeasts with invertase activity during the artisanal processing of mezcal, from Oaxaca 69 Native microbial diversity in hydrolysed and cooked agave juice at industrial level 75 Physicochemical quality of commercial Extra Aged and Crystalline tequilas 83 Thermo-tolerance, osmo-tolerance and ethanol tolerance of Pichia kluyveri strains isolated from traditional fermentation processes 89 Yeast population associated with mezcal fermentation 95 Biological effects of Agave fructans and other by-products 99 Characterization of fructans extracted from Agave mapisaga leaves 101 Effect of the polymerization degree of agave fructans for the control of Phytophthora capsici 107 Identification and quantification of phytosterols of an ethanolic extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction 113 Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of agave fructans 119 Physicochemical and rheological properties of Aloe vera and agave fructans as wall materials on the microencapsulation of probiotics by spray drying 123 Physicochemical characterization and carbohydrate profile of maguey syrup and aguamiel from the state of Hidalgo 129 Industrial processing of Agave wastes and subproducts 135 Bio-hydrogen production from tequila vinasse depending on tequila production process 100% agave 137 Effect of application of tequila vinasses on the rhizosphere of maize plant 143 Effect of ozone pretreatment on physicochemical characteristics and phenolic compounds generation on agave 149 bagasse hydrolysates Effect of the phenolics remotion over the bio-hydrogen production using tequila vinasses as substrate 153 Leaf-silage of Agave tequilana Weber var. blue as forage for ruminants 159 Use of adsorbents for the detoxification of hydrolyzed agave bagasse 165 Social and ethnobotanical aspects 173 Artisanal preparation of comiteco from the producers perspective 175 Cost analysis of agave mezcalero in Oaxaca, challenges and perspectives 181 How is a traditional product defined? Case study of mezcal 187 Mezcales with name and last name. Diversity and typification as identity elements 195 3 Acknowledgements We are grateful to the following organizations for their generous financial support Preface Preface Once again, CIATEJ (Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C.) brings a new edition of Integral and Sustainable use of the Agave that consists of the most recent advances in scientific and technological research around the agave genus. The research reported in this book is the result of the effort and the scientific interests of researchers working in México and other latitudes around the world. In these lines, the sponsorship of CONACyT-México, CIATEJ, ADESUR, and AGARED is highly appreciated. This work is divided into five major topics: 1. Scientific trends on Agave (nine chapters); 2. Science and technology of Agave beverages and other derivatives (six chapters); 3. Biological effects of Agave fructans and other by-products (six chapters); 4. Industrial processing of Agave wastes and subproducts (six chapters); and 5. Social and ethnobotanical aspects (four chapters). Chapters in the first topic (pages 9 to 59) report advances and improved in vitro techniques for the propagation and conservation of agave germplasm, the finding of genes related to pathogen resistance, the control of agave weevil (Syphophorus acupunctatus), improved method for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Agave, and the use of imaging spectroscopy in the study of the CAM physiology. The second topic (pages 61 to 97) contains diverse chapters about yeasts and non- Saccharomyces microorganisms that participate in the mezcal artisanal and industrial production, the physicochemical quality of extra-aged, and novel crystalline tequilas, among others. In the third topic (pages 99 to 133), six chapters report studies about the characterization of agave fructans from different species and their actions for the control of obesity, cancer, and other human diseases. Also, there is a report on the potential elicitor activity of fructans against the pathogen Phytophthora capsici in pepper plants and of their use for the microencapsulation of probiotics for human consumption. Topic four (pages 135 to 171) tells about the research progress on the processing of agave of vinasses and bagasse and their use mainly for hydrogen production and as silage for ruminants. Finally, the last topic in this book (pages 173 to 201) deals with the social, economic, and technical aspects of the Chiapas “Comiteco” drink. Also, this fifth topic deals with the challenges facing the mezcal industry concerning production costs, quality, and precise definitions regarding its origin terroir. Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. A CONACyT Research Center. 7 Scientific trends on Agave 10 Scientific trends on Agave Application of two in vitro culture techniques for the conservation of agave germplasm. Herrera-Isidrón, L.1, Isidrón-Pérez, MF.2 and Núñez-Palenius, HG.3* ABSTRACT The Agave genus is one of the most important and diverse in Mexico, however, natural and anthropogenic causes have reduced agave populations. Agave plants have been produced by tissue culture for conservation purposes, mainly using semisolid media. The use of liquid medium for in vitro micropropagation is often described as a way of reducing the cost of plantlets production. In order to develop an alternative method for agave conservation, the effects of two culture systems were studied. Axillary buds from A. weberi, A. mitis, A. vilmoriniana, A. sisalana, and A. celsii were transferred to a temporary immersion system (TIS) and to a semi-solid medium, both supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of Benzylaminopurine. Shoot regeneration was obtained in all the cultures after 12 months, but more than 90% was observed under the TIS. Key words: Agave, tissue culture, temporary immersion, conservation, axillary buds. INTRODUCTION The genus Agave is endemic to the American continent and encompasses approximately 200 species, from which 75% are found in Mexico (Gentry, 2004). This genus contains a good number of economically important