Bio 312, Fall 2018 Exam 2 ( 1 ) Name:____________________ Please write the first letter of your last name in the box; 5 points will be deducted if your name is hard to read or the box does not contain the correct letter. Written answers should be concise and precise; answers typically have short correct answers. Regrade requests cannot be made for exams completed in pencil for any reason. The exam has 100 points total 1. SCIENCE IN CARTOONS. In the cartoon Futurama, the crustacean Dr. Zoidberg travels back to his home planet, Decapod 10, to participate in their mating ritual. The males of his species construct mounds of sand in a line along the beach and decorate them with shells and seaweed. They also adorn themselves. They then perform a dance to attract females, who tour the beach and watch the males dance. Here he is shown with a potential mate evaluating his performance. (a, 4 pts) Name the specific category of sexual selection Dr. Zoidberg’s behavior represents (b, 4 pts) Describe (don't just name the species) the example from class that is most similar to this scenario. (c, 2 pts) Is this typically considered an example of intrasexual or intersexual selection? (circle one) intrasexual intersexual (d, 4 pts) Later in the episode, we find out that Dr. Zoidberg failed to attract a mate. When his friends attempt to comfort him by mentioning that he can try again next year, Dr. Zoidberg explains that his species mates once, and then dies. What is the technical term for this life history strategy? List the technical term and its opposite. Zoidberg's lifestyle: ____________________ The "alternative" lifestyle: ____________________ Bio 312, Fall 2018 Exam 2 ( 2 ) Name:____________________ 2. TRANSMISSION GENETICS. Depicted to the right is a pedigree (family tree) similar to the one in class, representing males (squares) and females (circles). Consider the probabilities that individuals share the same allele on either an autosome or an X chromosome. Complete the empty grids below (similar to the one done in class) by calculating the probability than an allele in the individual listed for each column is also in the individual listed for each row. A B C D (each value is 2 pts) Regular diploid autosome case C B A from to D C B X chromosome case C B A from to D C B Bio 312, Fall 2018 Exam 2 ( 3 ) Name:____________________ 3. REPRODUCTIVE ADAPTATIONS. For each of the two adaptations described below you should describe the fitness advantage it confers to the males (a) or females (b) that exhibit it. Be precise and clear in your description of how individuals with the adaptation benefit in terms of increasing their fitness. (a, 5 pts) The “Coolidge Effect” (named for President Calvin Coolidge) is a behavioral adaptation in which males, who show little willingness to mate with females they have already encountered, exhibit renewed interest in mating when exposed to a novel female. This trait is seen in many species from clades as diverse as fish and mammals. (b, 5 pts) The “Bruce Effect” (named for its discoverer Hilda Bruce) is a physiological adaptation in which females terminate (i.e., miscarry) their pregnancies when exposed to the presence (or scent) of an unfamiliar male. This trait is seen in species as diverse as mice, lions, and geladas. Bio 312, Fall 2018 Exam 2 ( 4 ) Name:____________________ 4. SKUNKS. Last week Hannah Walker defended her Masters thesis here at CSULB. She performed an observational study in which she examined the patterns of black and white coloration on skunk fur (i.e., their pelages) in relation to a variety of factors that may influence them. There can be considerable intra-specific variation in pelages; some examples of individuals from the species Mephitis mephitis are shown to the right. Although she studied several measurements, we will focus on a value called the WI (whiteness index) which was the amount of white fur relative to the length of the skunk. She measured the WI values for skunks found in different museums across the country. She examined several hypotheses, but we will consider just two. ► For each hypothesis you will draw two hypothetical data figures - one supporting the hypothesis and one that does not support the hypothesis. ►For each hypothesis you must label the axes clearly with an appropriate metric (i.e., a value relating to WI) and draw the type of figure requested (i.e., bar chart, XY plot, etc.). Hypothesis 1: Gloger's Rule claims that mammals in more humid areas have darker pelages (most likely due to increased disease resistance via mechanism we don't understand yet). Draw two XY plots: Data that supports on the left and data that would not support on the right. Hypothesis 2: In areas where there are fewer predators the selection for the patterns will be relaxed and the observed pelages will be more variable than in areas with many predators. Draw two bar charts: Data that supports on the left and data that would not support on the right. Bio 312, Fall 2018 Exam 2 ( 5 ) Name:____________________ 5. SEMELPARITY AND ITEROPARITY. Cole (and Charnov and Schaffer) modeled the factors that influence the likelihood for an evolutionary switch between different types of reproductive strategies; a similar approach can model other types of adaptations. (a, 5 pts) Consider a population of wildtype individuals that reproduce over a number of consecutive years and a mutant that causes individuals to produce a third as many offspring, but they are more likely to survive to adulthood. By producing fewer offspring the adults also have a 20% higher probability of surviving each year. What is the lowest juvenile survival probability (Cm) the mutants could have and experience a fitness value equal or higher than the normal wildtype individuals? Express Cm in the form of an equality in terms of bw, Cw and Pw (assuming some don't cancel out) where these terms represent the values in the wildtype individuals and mutants respectively. Show all the steps in your derivation and express your final answer clearly. (b, 5 pts) Consider a different situation in which a population is growing by 10% per season and adults have a 40% chance of surviving each season. If the juvenile survival rate is 20%, what must the birth rate be? (express this as a decimal number to the nearest 0.001). Show all the steps in your derivation and express your final answer clearly Bio 312, Fall 2018 Exam 2 ( 6 ) Name:____________________ FOR THE REMAINING QUESTIONS USE YOUR SCANTRON FORM. ► MULTIPLE CHOICE: (2 pts each). (1) The ultimate (big picture) reason for why organisms die is best described by which of the following? (A) DNA has a finite half-life and degrades which leads to errors in transcription which causes cancer and other problems. (B) Free radicals caused by chemical reactions attack cells and their organelles and result in damage. (C) Lifespan is positively correlated with size and nothing can grow big enough to live forever. (D) Mutations that are beneficial in organisms when they have high reproductive values, but detrimental when they low reproductive value, are advantageous and have been fixed throughout history. (E) Telomeres on the ends of chromosomes are shortened during mitosis and can't be restored; therefore the chromosomes degrade which causes ill health. (2) The black and white coloration of skunks (see question ???) warns preadtors about their noxious spray; such coloring is called which of the following? (A) Advertisement (C) Batesian (E) Mullerian (B) Aposematic (D) Cryptic (3) Meckel's cartilage develops into all of the following structires except which of the following? (A) Articular (C) Incus. (E) Quadrate. (B) Dentary (D) Malleus. (4) Which of the following is the best term to describe a mating system in which one dominant male maintains a group of females? (A) Polyandry (C) Polygyny (E) Protogynous (B) Polygamous (D) Protoandrous (5) Reproductive value is best defined as which of the following? (A) The amount of resources a male is willing to provide to assure a mating. (B) The benefit provided by a new mutation that increases fertility. (C) The expected fitness of a newborn. (D) The expected fitness of an individual of reproductive age. (E) The total expected number of offspring minus the number already born. (6) Cole's model lacked which of the following critical factors that were later incorporated by Charnov and Shaffer to make it more realistic? (A) Adult reproduction (D) Post-reproductive mortality (B) Juvenile mortality (E) Post-reproductive survival (C) Juvenile reproduction (7) Individuals with a higher number of CAG repeats in their Huntington gene appear to have more offspring than those with lower numbers of repeats. These individuals suffer from a neurodegenerative disorder however. Which of the following terms is the best one to use to describe the evolutionary constraint that prevents the evolution of whatever mechanism these individuals use to increase their number of offspring? (A) Conflict (C) Functional (E) Selective (B) Developmental (D) Pleiotropic Bio 312, Fall 2018 Exam 2 ( 7 ) Name:____________________ (8) When considering the overall fitness of a gene, the portion that comes from reproduction by the individual carrying the gene and its relatives is termed ____ fitness. (A) Altruistic (C) Hamiltonian (E) Indirect (B) Direct (D) Inclusive (9) This species concept uses a concept of an ideal organism to which all extant individuals are referred. (A) Biological (C) Nominalist (E) Phylogenetic (B) Essentialist (D) Phenetic (10) Defining members of the same species as individuals inhabiting the same "gene pool" uses which of the following species concepts? (A) Biological (C) Nominalist (E) Phylogenetic (B) Essentialist (D) Phenetic (11) Using this species concept would involve more attention to regions of quantitatively defined intra-population morphological variation than the others.