MALARIA VECTORS IN ASIA-PACIFIC COUNTRIES APMEN asiapacificmalariaeliminationnetwork ANOPHELES DIRUS ADULT MORPHOLOGY ADULT MORPHOLOGY ADULT MORPHOLOGY HEAD THORAX THORAX Ant = Ap antenna= antepronotum Ap = antepronotum PA = postspiracular area CE = Hl compound= haltereye Hl = halter PK = prealar knob Mks = mesokatepisternum Clp = clypeus Mks = mesokatepisternum Ppn = postpronotum Mm = mesepimeron Fl = Mpnflagellum = mesopostnotum Mm = mesepimeron Ps = proepisternum La = MS labellum= mesothoracic spiracle Mpn = mesopostnotum PsA = prespiracular area MPlp = Msmmaxillary = palpusmesomeron MS = mesothoracic spiracle SA = subspiracular area Occ = MtSocciput = metathoracic spiracle Msm = mesomeron Scu = scutum Pe = Mtspedicel = metepisternum MtS = metathoracic spiracle Stm = scutellum P = Pa proboscis= paratergite Mts = metepisternum W = wing PA = postspiracular area V = vertex Pa = paratergite PK = prealar knob Ppn = postpronotum ABDOMENPs = proepisternum Ce = PsAcercus = prespiracular area LEG Te = SA tergum= subspiracular area C-I = forecoxa Ta 1-Ta 5 = tarsomeres 1-5 S = Scusternum = scutum C-II = midcoxa Ti = tibia I-VIII = Stmabdominal = scutellum C-III = hindcoxa U = unguis W segments= wing Fe = femur HEAD ABDOMEN 2 LEG 3 Ant = antenna Ce = cercus C-I = forecoxa CE = compound eye Te = tergum C-II = midcoxa Clp = clypeus S = sternum C-III = hindcoxa Fl = flagellum I-VIII = abdominal segments La = labellum Fe = femur MPlp = maxillary palpus Ta 1-Ta 5 = tarsomeres 1-5 Occ = occiput Ti = tibia Pe = pedicel U = unguis P = proboscis V = vertex ADULT MORPHOLOGY ADULT MORPHOLOGY ADULT MORPHOLOGY WING VEINS WING SPOTS WING SPOTS C = costa AD = apical dark AD = CuAapical = dark cubitus anterior AP = apical pale AP = CuPapical = pale cubitus posterior ASP = accessory sector pale ASP = h accessory= sectorhumeral pale crossvein BD = basal dark BP = basal pale BD = M basal =dark media M1, M2, M1+2, M3+4 = branches of media BPFS = basal pale fringe spot BP = mcubasal =pale mediocubital crossvein HD = humeral dark HP = humeral pale BPFS = R basal =pale fringeradius spot PD = preapical dark R1, R2, R3, R2+3, R4+5 = branches of radius HD = humeral dark PFS = pale fringe spot rm = radiomedial crossvein HP = humeral pale PHD = prehumeral dark Rs = radial sector PD = preapical dark PHP = prehumeral pale Sc = subcosta PP = preapical pale PFS = 1Apale fringe= analspot vein PSD = presector dark PHD = prehumeral dark PSP = presector pale PHP = prehumeral pale SCP = subcostal pale SD = sector dark PP = preapical pale SP = sector pale 4 PSD = presector dark 5 WING VEINS PSP = presector pale C = costa SCP = subcostal pale CuA = cubitus anterior SD = sector dark CuP = cubitus posterior h = humeral crossvein SP = sector pale M = media M1, M2, M1+2, M3+4 = branches of media mcu = mediocubital crossvein R = radius R1, R2, R3, R2+3, R4+5 = branches of radius rm = radiomedial crossvein Rs = radial sector Sc = subcosta 1A = anal vein Anopheles aconitus Anopheles aconitus DISTRIBUTION ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam BIONOMICS ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Larvae found primarily in flooded rice fields, Leg entirely dark or with narrow apical pale grassy ponds and stream margins. Also Proboscis half pale bands or dorsal patches on some tarsomeres found in Nippa palm swamps, stream pools, fresh water swamps, rock pools, seepage pools, and ditches. In Thailand found at elevations of 1 - 700m. In Indonesia, Java found up to 853m. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE Primary malaria vector. ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) VeinR² with median pale spot, vein 1A with pale 6 fringe, veinR¹ with 2 dark spots on distal half 7 Anopheles annularis Anopheles annularis ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) DISTRIBUTION ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) BIONOMICS Hindfemur, tibia, and tarsomere 1 dark, not speckled with pale scales, Larvae found in clear, still water with hindtarsomeres 3, 4 and 5 entirely white abundant vegetation. Habitats include Maxillary palpus with 3 pale bands ponds, swamps, rice fields. Adults zoophilic. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE Secondary vector of malaria. ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Vein CuA mostly dark-scaled, with dark spot at 8 fork with vein mcu 9 Anopheles balabacensis Anopheles balabacensis DISTRIBUTION Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines BIONOMICS Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg with large Immatures found in heavy shade along white band, hindtarsomere 4,5 without edges of swamps, rock pools, stream basal pale band margins and in temporary roadside ground pools. Maxillary palpus with 4 or more pale bands MEDICAL IMPORTANCE Primary malaria vector. Dark mark on presector of vein R1 the same length as the corresponding mark on costa, presector dark mark of vein R with at least one 10 pale interruption 11 Anopheles barbirostris Anopheles barbirostris ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) DISTRIBUTION ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Midtarsomeres unbanded BIONOMICS Larvae found in open sunny to light shade habitats with all types of vegetation. Clypeus without patch of dark Habitats include stream and river scales margins and pools, flowing and stagnant ditches, lakes, rice fields, temporary and permanent ground pools, seepage springs, animal footprints, canals, marshes, ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) fish and rock pools. Adults zoophilic. ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Abdominal sterna with few MEDICAL IMPORTANCE Wing apex with only 2 narrow pale fringe scattered white scales between spots Not a vector of human disease except median patch and lateral rows perhaps in the Celebes. 12 13 Anopheles culicifacies s.l. Anopheles culicifacies s.l. ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) DISTRIBUTION ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Afghanistan, Bahrain, Cambodia, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen BIONOMICS Maxillary palpus with 3 Pale Leg entirely dark or with narrow apical bands, maxillary palpus with pale bands or dorsal patches on some Larvae are found in fresh water irrigation preapical dark band much longer tarsomeres ditches, rain pools, pools in riverbeds, than apical pale band freshly dug pits or holes and wells. Females avoid oviposition site with emergent vegetation. Larvae found between 35 and 960m. in Thailand; in Vietnam only over 914m. and in Pakistan usually between 1524 - 1829m. but also up to 2286m. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Primary malaria vector. 14 Vein R4+5 all dark 15 Anopheles dirus Anopheles dirus ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) DISTRIBUTION Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam BIONOMICS ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Tibio-tarsal joint of hindleg with large Immatures abundant in rainy season white band, hindtarsomere 4 ,5 with and found in several small, shallow Maxillary palpus with 4 or more obvious basal pale band shady temporary ground pools, animal pale bands footprints, puddles on foot paths, pools in dry stream beds, springs, streams, ground pools, wheel ruts, rock pools, bamboo stumps, and depressions in hollow logs. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Primary vector of human Plasmodium Accessory sector pale spot absent on costa and usually parasites in forested and hilly-forested absent on subcosta, presector dark spot on vien R areas throughout its distribution range. 16 extending basally beyond presector dark spot on costa 17 Anopheles farauti s.l. Anopheles farauti s.l. DISTRIBUTION Australia, Indonesia, Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz Islands), Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Bismark Archipelago, Vanuatu BIONOMICS Hindfemur,tibia, and tarsomere Larvae are found in a wide variety of breeding speckled with pale scales places but prefer habitat with emergent, floating and submerged vegetation or algae in heavy Maxillary palpus with 4 or more shade. This species is also found in brackish pale band. Proboscis all dark. pools, lagoons and mangrove swamps in costal areas. Larvae are occasionally taken from a wide variety of artificial containers. Adults feed on a wide variety of hosts, including man. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE Primary malaria vector. 18 Antepronotum with scales 19 Anopheles flavirostris Anopheles flavirostris DISTRIBUTION ENTOMOLOGY, AFRIMS (THAILAND) Indonesia, Philippines, Timor BIONOMICS Larvae are found in shaded and unshaded stream margins especially around roots, Leg entirely dark or with narrow apical ground pools an shallow wells. Females feed Maxillary palpus with 3 pale pale bands or dorsal patches on some on both man and cattle and readily enter bands apical dark band equal or tarsomeres houses to bite. shorter than apical pale band. Pale distal portion on ventral MEDICAL IMPORTANCE Primary malaria vector. Costa without presector pale spot and without humeral pale spot, vein M3+4 with Antepronotum without scales 20 two dark spots distal to mcu fork 21 Anopheles fluvialitis Anopheles fluvialitis DISTRIBUTION Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam, Yemen Leg entirely dark or with narrow apical BIONOMICS Maxillary palpus with 3 Pale pale bands or dorsal patches on some Not usually found below 1000 ft. Larvae bands, maxillary palpus with tarsomeres are found in the grassy