UrvlSIANTHE 501 tial of the species in afforestation has been ing nailing and screwing, and pre-boring is recommended. Various quassinoids isolated recommended. The wood is durable, also with- from the plant have shown antimalarial and stands fungal attacks, and is suitable for use in other interesting properties and may have contact with the ground or water pharmacologicalpotential A coumarin derivative has been isolated from Major references Ajaiyeoba & Krebs, 2003; the wood; the bark contains several oxygen- Bolza & Keating, 1972; Burki11, 2000; Dudek, heterocyclic compounds that have not yet been Forster & missenbauer, 1981; Nooteboom, identified. The seeds are rich in mexicanolide 1962; 0teng-Amoako (Editor), 2006; Phong- type Iimonoids and contain 2 triterpenoids. Its phaew, 2003; Saville & Fox, 1967; Stannard, chemical composition confirms the isolated 2000; Voorhoeve, 1979. position of Quiuisiortthe popinoe in the Melt- Other references Adekunle, Oj0 & 01u- aceoe walana, 2002; Adesanwo at a1. , 2004; Ajaiyeoba Botany Deciduous, dioecious, smallto medium- at a1. , 1999; Capuron, 1961; CTFT, 1962e; sized tree up to 20(-30) in tall; hole up to 50 cm Fouarge & G6rard, 1964; Francois at a1. , 1998; in diameter. Leaves alternate, panpinnately Gunb-Fakim & Brendler, 2004; Hawthorne, compound with 5-8 pairs of leaflets; stipules 1995; InsideWood, undated; 1stas, Raekelboom absent; leaflets opposite, elliptical, curieate at & Heremans, 1959; Kryn & Fobes, 1959; Lu- base, obtuse to rounded at apex, entire, pm- monadio at a1. , 1991; Martret, Farmes & Soul. nately veined. Inflorescence a short axillary Ier, 1992; Miralles at a1. , 1988; Neuwinger, panicle, short-hairy. Flowers unisexual, male 2000; Orig, 2001; Perez, 2003; Prot & Korn- and female flowers very similar in appearance, probst, 1985; Takahashi, 1978; Van den Eyn- regular, 5-merous, small; calyx cup-shaped, den, Van Damme & de Wolf, 1994 lobed to the middle; petals free; stamens coin- Sources of illustration Voorhoeve, 1979; PIetely fused into a hairy tube, arithers In- Wilks & Issemb6, 2000. serted along the margin; ovary superior, py- Authors J. N. Gyakari& JR. Cobbinah rainidal, hairy, usuaUy 3-celled, style ending in obscurely 3-lobed stigma; male flowers with rudimentary ovary, female flowers with non- QUrvlSIANTHE PAPiNAE Baill. dehiscing arithers. Fruit a large pyramidal to nearly globose capsule, dehiscing usually with Protologue Grandid. , Hist. phys. Madagascar 3 woody valves, up to 6-seeded. Seeds flat- 34(4), Atlas 2, fasc. 34: t. 251 (1893) tened, with a large wing at apex Family Menaceae Flowering and fruiting are irregular. In west- Origin and geographic distribution Quiui- ern Madagascar ripe fruits are mainly avail- stunthe popinoe is endemic to western and able in November. southern Madagascar. Quiuisionthe comprises a single species. In Uses The wood is used for heavy construc- phylogeny reconstruction based on plastid tion, e. g. for poles of houses and bridges, and DNA sequences, it clustered into the subfamily for heavy carpentry, flooring, cabinet work, and Meltoideoe close to Ekebergio. An unnamed indoor and outdoorJoinery second Quiuisionthe species wlth the vernacu- Properties The heartwood is palebrown, with Iar name 'saniramboanjo' has been reported a purplish tinge when fresh, and distinctly from eastern Madagascar, but it is unclear demarcated from the pinkish, c. 5 cm wide whether it truly belongs in this genus sapwood. The grain Is straight or sometimes The wood of Astrotrichilio, an endemic genus of interlocked, texture coarse. The wood is heavy Madagascar with about 12 species, is often with a density of about 925 kg/ina at 12% inols- known under the same vernacular names as ture content. Shrinkage during drying is high, that of Quiuisionthe popinoe, e. g. 'hornpy'. It is from green to oven dry 5.5% radial and 9.5% lighter in weight, moderately hard and not tangential. Once dry, the wood is somewhat durable, but permeable to preservatives. It is unstable in service. At 12% moisture content, locally used for joinery. However, Astrotrichilio the modulus of rupture is 180 N/mm2, modulus is quite distinct from Quiuisionthe with its of elasticity 21,200 N/min2 and compression stellate hairs and drupe-like fruit parallel to grain 76 N/min2. The wood is very Ecology Quiuisionthe popinoe occurs in dry hard, but not particularly difficult to work with deciduous forest, often along watercourses. It stellite-tipped sawteeth and tungsten-carbide- prefers deeper soils and does not grow well in tipped cutting tools. Splitting is common dur- rocky locations. 502 TIMBERSl Management Quiuisionthe popinoe usually occurs in scattered groups in the forest. Seed- lings tolerate some shade. However, for proper development and good growth of the seedlings, some thinning or opening of the forest canopy I . is needed. Fruits should be collected from the tree and the seeds sown immediately after col- , Iection for good germination. Genetic resources and breeding Quiui- sinnthepopinoe has been recorded to be locally ,^ common in Madagascar, especially in forests near Morondava. However, little natural vege- L. tation is left in this region, and Quiuisionthe popinoe may already be subject to considerable genetic erosion. In southern Madagascar it is o also locally common, but grazing livestock and increasing rates of exploitation constitute sen- ous threats. Rhodognupholon breuicuspe - wild Prospects Quiuisionthe popinoe is an jin- portant source of timber for local construction wood, interior joinery, packaging material, in western and southern Madagascar. An in- pallets, boxes, crates, panelling, trim, light ventory of remaining populations of Quiuision- furniture and decorative boards. Traditionally, the popinoe Is needed before it can be deter- canoes are dug out from the hole in Liberia, mined to what extent exploitation of this spe- and smaller branches are hollowed out to pro- cies will remain justified in the future. Virtu- duce quivers in Ghana. The wood is also suit- ally nothing is known about growth rates in able for light construction, light flooring, musi- response to ecological conditions and very little calmstruments, matches, carvings, toys, novel- on natural regeneration. A preliminary study ties, turnery, hardboard and particle board. It indicated that Quiuisionthe popinoe may be is suitable for pulping suitable for enrichment planting. Floss from the fruit is used for stuffing pillows, Major references Gu6neau, Bedel & Thiel, cushions and mattresses, and for making 1970-1975; Randrianas010, 1997; Schatz, 2001 sacks. It has been suggested as a source of pulp Other references Coombes, Mulholland & for paper making. The bark is used for making Randrianarivelojosia, 2005; Muellner at al. , hut walls. A fast, red-brown dye is extracted 2003; Mulholland, Parel & Coombes, 2000; from the bark by boiling and used for dyeing Mulholland & Taylor, 1988; Randrianasolo at cloth. A black dye obtained from the root is a1. , 1996 locally used for making funeral cloth in Ghana Authors R. H. M. J. Lemmens In traditional medicine the powdered root is applied to swellings and dislocations. A paste of the root powder mixed with water is taken to RHODOGNAPHALONBREVICUSPE (Sprague) treat rheumatism and dysentery. The root is Roberty recorded to be used as an antitumour agent in Guinea. A bark decoction is gargled to treat Protologue Bull. Inst. Franc. Mrique Noire, sore throat, and used to promote wound heal- ser. A, 15: 1404 (1953). ing. The bark is also used for treatment of boils Family Bombacaceae (APG: Malvaceae) and venereal diseases, as an emetic, and to Chromosome number2n= 144 prevent abortion Synonyms Bomberx byeuicuspe Sprague (1909), Production and international trade Gabon Bombox cheuolieriPellegr. (1921) exported 3260 ina of Rhodognopholon 67eui- Vernacular names Kondroti(Fr) cuspe timber in 2000, 280 in3 in 2001, 50 ms in Origin and geographic distribution Rhodo- 2002, 790 ina in 2003, 1370 in31n 2004 and 270 gnopholon breuicuspe is distributed from Si. ing in 2005. In 2003 about 3000 in3 was ex- erra Leone eastward to Gabon, Congo and DR ported from Congo, at a price of Us$ 1071m3, Congo, possibly also in Guinea. and in 2005 about 1000 ing at a price of Us$ Uses The wood (trade names: alone, kon- 4031m3. In 2006 Congo exported 16 in3 of logs, droti) is used for the production of veneer, ply- 35 ms of rotary veneer, and 1800 ing of ply- . RHODOGNAPHALON 503 wood. Cameroon produced 70 ms of this timber in 2000. Properties The heartwood is pinkish to red when freshly cut, turning violaceous brown to brown ochre with darker veins upon drying; it , , is distinctly demarcated from the white and up , . to 10 cm wide sapwood, which turns pale brown on exposure. The grain Is usually straight, texture coarse. 2 The wood is medium-weight, with a density of , .. .,.. 440-640 kg/ina at 12% moisture content. The rates of shrinkage from green to oven dry are , 4.3-4.7% radial and 4.49.0% tangential. The 5 dry wood is stable in service, but the wood ab- sorbs moisture readily, becoming very heavy, . I , and its use in humid conditions Is not recoin- .,. t, , mended. ,. , : .. At 12% moisture content, the modulus of rup- ::\ .* ';,* ture is 54-94 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity .I "* , * I " 7100-8800 N/min2, compression parallel to , . , grain 32-45 N/mm2, cleavage 7-16 N/mm, .,. ;! ' *,. 4 Janka side hardness 4540 N, Janka end hard- \ ".. ~ ness 5250 N and Chalais-Meudon side hard- ' ' , $1 - I--' titi ness 1.2-1.8. The wood is moderately brittle ;;' ~~,. .. 3 re#;:;.:&; "..' .,* The wood saws and works easily when sharp- edged tools are used, although it is occaslonally fibrous. It nails and screws well, but holding Rhodognopholon 67euicuspe - I, buse of 601e, ' 2, properties are poor. It does not polish well, but leafy twig, . 3, flowering brunch, . 4, fruit, 5, seed turning and moulding properties are good, and with floss it paints and varnishes satisfactorily. Peeling Redrooon grid odopted by AChmod Satin Nur- characteristics are moderate to good. The wood hornon glues well. It may cause dermatitis in workers when it comes into contact wLth the skin.