INDEX A lymphangiogenesis, 164, 194 Abdominal aortic aneurysm, plasmid DNA, 193, 194, 195, 198 cIassification, 212, 213 therapeutic angiogenesis, 191, 192 repair, 212 vasculogenesis, 189, 191 ABI, see Ankle-brachial index Angiography, see Catheter angiography; ACE inhibitor, see Angiotensin-converting Computed tomography angiography; enzyme inhibitor Magnetic resonance angiography Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), gene Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) therapy critic al Iimb ischemia trials, inhibitor, 198 diabetes management, 162, 163 Acrocyanosis, presentation and management, hemostatic factor effects, 166 290 Ankle-brachial index (ABI), Acute limb ischemia (ALI), see also Arterial acute limb ischemia outcomes, 136, 137 embolism; Atheromatous embolism, continuous wave Doppler measurement, clinical presentation, 293, 295, 296, 299 64,65 diagnosis, 297, 298 intermittent cIaudication work-up, 39 differential diagnosis, 125, 297 interpretation, 65 epidemiology, 294 medial calcinosis, 63, 64, 69, 269 etiology, 293, 294 sensitivity and specificity, 22 instigating causes, 294, 295 Ankylosing spondylitis, large-vessel vasculitis laboratory studies, 297 and management, 333, 334 pathology, 295 Antiplatelet therapy, see specific agents physical examination, 295, 296 Aortoiliac disease, prognosis, 298 aneurysm, 212, 213 treatment, criticallimb ischemia management, pharmacotherapy, 298, 299 angioplasty, 107 surgery, 298 bypass grafting, 107, 108 Adventitial cysts, intermittent cIaudication les ion cIassification, 107 differential diagnosis, 43, 44 occIusive disease management, aFGF, see Acidic fibroblast growth factor aortofemoral bypass, 226, 227 ALI, see Acute limb ischemia axillofemoral bypass, 227-229 Amputation, endovascular therapy, 212 acute Iimb ischemia management, 138 Arginine, criticallimb ischemia management, 114 intermittent cIaudication management, Angiogenesis, 179, 180, 183 arteriogenesis relationship, 191 mechanism of action, 179 growth factors, Arrhythmia, perioperative medical gene therapy, see Gene therapy management, 256, 257 types, 189, 191 Arterial dissection, vascular endothelial growth factor, intermittent cIaudication differential 192-194 diagnosis, 46 347 348 Index peripheral blood flow effects, 64 physical measures, 131 Arterial embolism, see also Acute limb reperfusion injury, 134 ischemia, surgical revascularization versus atheroembolism, 81-82, 125,293-299 thrombolysis trials, 133, 134 clinic al presentation, 120 thrombectomy, 132, 133 detection, 64 thrombolysis, 131 etiology, timing,130 atrial fibrillation, 121, 122 vascular imaging, 127, 128 overview, 120 Arteriogenesis, overview, 191 patent foramen ovale, 121 Arteriovenous fistula (A VF), construction ventricular thrombi, 120, 121 for criticallimb ischemia management, intermittent claudication differential 237,238 diagnosis, 46, 47 Artery, sites, 122, 123 collateral arteries, see Collateral arteries Arterial thrombosis, see also Acute limb layers, 1,2 ischemia, location and structural variation, 56 catheter angiography, 88 medial calcification, 63, 69 classification of severity, 128-130 resistance of systems, 55, 56 clinical history, 123 size classification, 55 definition, 93 women, causes of occlusive disease, 281, 282 differential diagnosis, Arthritis, intermiUent claudication differential arterial trauma or dissection, 126 diagnosis, 41 atheroembolism, 125 Aspirin, hypercoagulable syndromes, 127 critic al limb ischemia management, 106, overview, 124, 125 111,112 popii te al artery aneurysm thrombosis, thrombus formation prevention, 167 126 Atherosclerosis, see also specific diseases, popliteal artery cysts and entrapment, coprevalence of syndromes, 28, 29, 32, 243 126 definition, 1 vasculitis, 126 lesion classification and features, 2 vasospasm, 125 mortality, 1 Doppler velocimetry, 127 response to injury hypothesis, 5 echocardiography, 128 risk factors, 3-5, 25, 26 etiology, 123 Atherothrombosis, phases of development, follow-up and anticoagulation, 135 166, 167 laboratory tests, 128 A VF, see Arteriovenous fistula outcomes, B limb-related outcome, 136, 137 procedural mortality and morbidity, 137 Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), recurrence, 137, 138 gene therapy, critical limb ischemia trials, physical examination, 124, 138 198 severity factors, 119, 120 intermittent claudication management, 180 sites, 123 Beh~et' s disease, large-vessel vasculitis and treatment, management, 332, 333 amputation, 138 bFGF, see Basic fibroblast growth factor angioplasty, 131, 132 Blood flow, velocity-pressure relationships, anticoagulation, 130, 131 60 approach by severity, 135, 136 Buerger's disease, see Thromboangiitis embolectomy, 132 obliterans fasciotomy, 134, 135 Buflomedil, intermittent claudication lesion, 135 management, 177, 183 Index 349 C Collateral arteries, CAD, see Coronary artery disease anatomy and hemodynamics, 62, 63 Cardiomyopathy, perioperative medical components, 61 management, 256 flow resistance, 61, 62 Camitine, intermittent claudication Composite graft, criticallimb ischemia management, 177, 178, 183 management, 238 Carotid artery, Computed tomography angiography (CT A), stenting, advantages, 86 complications, 204, 207 contrast agents, 86 contraindications, 207 image processing, 87, 89 indications, 205, 207 limitations, 86, 87 transluminal angioplasty, 204, 205 principles, 86 Catheter angiography, prospects, 90, 91 acute limb ischemia, 88 Coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic limb ischemia, 88, 90, 101, 102 peripheral arterial disease coprevalence, complications, 80-82 28,29,32,243,244 contrast agents, 76 revascularization surgery outcomes in film-screen versus digital subtraction peripheral arterial disease, angiography, 76, 77 balloon angioplasty, 245, 246 foot angiography, 80 coronary artery bypass surgery, 245 infrainguinal angiogram, 77, 79 retrospective studies, 244 large-vessel vasculitis, 335 stenting, 246 prospects, 90, 91 vascular surgery peri operative risks in Seldinger technique, 75 peripheral arterial disease patients, stenosis evaluation, 80 intraoperative management, suprainguinal angiography, 77 anesthesia, 257, 258 vasculitis and small vessel disease, 90 monitoring, 258 CA VA T AS trial, 205 mortality,244 Cerebrovascular disease, 23, 28-29, 95-96 perioperative medical management, Charcot foot, arrhythmias, 256, 257 causes,277 cardiomyopathy, 256 clinical presentation, 277 heart failure, 255, 256 fracture, 277 hypertension, 255 management, 277, 278 ischemie heart disease, 254, 255 pathophysiology,277 valvular heart disease, 256 Chelation therapy, intermittent claudication postoperative surveillance, 258, 259 management outcomes, 181 preoperative evaluation, Chronic limb ischemia, see Critical limb clinic al predictors, 247, 248 ischemia combining clinic al risk and testing, Cilostazol, 252 dosing, 176 complications, 253 intermittent claudication management, functional capacity, 248, 249 175-177,183 goals, 246, 247 mechanism of action, 175 long-term prognostic value, 254 side effects and precautions, 176, 177 surgical-specific risk, 249 women and peripheral arterial disease, 284 risk stratification testing, CLI, see Critical limb ischemia ambulatory electrocardiography, 251 Clopidogrel, dobutamine stress echocardiogram, cardiovascular event prevention, 167-169 250,251 dosing,168 echocardiography, 251, 252 safety, 168 myocardial perfusion imaging, 250 350 Index treadmill stress test, 249, 250 CT A, see Computed tomography angiography C-reactive protein (CRP), D giant cell arteritis levels, 324, 325 peripheral arterial disease elevation, 25, Defibrotide, intermittent claudication 26, 165 management, 180, 183 statin effects on levels, 165 Diabetes, Criticallimb ischemia (CLI), amputation rates, 265 catheter angiography, 88, 90, 10 1, 102 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor comorbidity, 95, 96 management, 162, 163 definition, 93 atherosclerosis acceleration, 162 differential diagnosis, 100, 101 atherosclerosis risk factor, 3 Doppler ultrasound, 101 Charcot foot, 277, 278 epidemiology, 97, 98 criticallimb ischemia risk factor, 94, 95 follow-up examination, 114 economic impact, 266 laboratory tests, 105 endothelial dysfunction, 11, 12 medical history, 98, 99 epidemiology, 161, 265 natural history, 96, 97 foot management, pathogenesis, 94 footwear, 274-276 physical examination, 99, 100 orthotics, 277 prevalence, 31 overview, 273 pulse volume recordings, 101 ulcer, risk factors, 94, 95 healing,274 surveillance, 112-114 pathophysiology of formation, 273, transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement, 274 101 glycemic control, 162 treatment, hemodynamic evaluation, 69 amputation, 114 medial artery calcification, 63, 69, 161 anticoagulation therapy, 112 peripheral arterial disease, aortoiliac disease, clinic al presentation and evaluation, angioplasty, 107 268,269 bypass grafting, 107, 108,226-229 pathological arterial changes, 267, 268 les ion classification, 107 prevalence studies, 27 aspirin, 106, 111, 112 prevention, 267 bed position, 105 risk factors, 24, 161-163, 268 foot care, 105 treatment, infrainguinal disease, antiplatelet agents, 270 angioplasty, 110, 111,233,234,236 footwear, 269, 270 bypass grafting, 109, 232-236 percutaneous transluminal lesion classification, 109 angioplasty, 270, 271 profundaplasty, 110, 231, 232 surgical revascularization, 271, 272 infrapopliteallesion classification, wound healing factors, 110, 111 abnormal cellular/inflammatory lumbar sympathectomy, 112 pathways, 266, 267 patient selection for surgery, 225, 239 peripheral neuropathy, 266 prospects, 114, 115 vascular disease and