Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/86288 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Jinadasa, U.N. Title: Changes in the cultural landscape and their impacts on heritage management : a study of Dutch Fort at Galle, Sri Lanka Issue Date: 2020-03-12 Changes in the Cultural Landscape and their Impacts on Heritage Management A Study of Dutch Fort at Galle, Sri Lanka Leiden University Press Archaeological Studies Leiden University is published by Leiden University Press, the Netherlands Series editors: M.E.R.G.N. Jansen and M. Soressi Cover design: J.F. Porck Lay out: J.F. Porck Illustrations: U. N. Jinadasa Image editor: J.F. Porck ISBN 978 90 8728 3407 e-ISBN 978 94 0060 3684 NUR 682 © Uditha Niroshini Jinadasa / Leiden University Press, 2020 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. This book is distributed in North America by the University of Chicago Press (www.press.uchicago.edu). ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES LEIDEN UNIVERSITY 47 Changes in the Cultural Landscape and their Impacts on Heritage Management A Study of Dutch Fort at Galle, Sri Lanka Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 12 maart 2020 klokke 11.15 uur door Uditha Niroshini Jinadasa geboren te Bulathkohupitiya in 1979 Promotor Prof. dr. Maarten E.R.G.N. Jansen Co-promotores Dr. Amy Strecker Dr. Till F. Sonnemann (University of Bamberg) Promotiecommissie Prof. dr. J.C.A. Kolen, decaan Faculteit der Archeologie (voorzitter) Prof. dr. Ruurd Binnert Halbertsma (secretaris) Prof. dr. Ian A. Lilly Prof. dr. Nira K. Wickramasinghe Prof. dr. Ana R. Pereira Roders Dr. Mariana C. Françozo Table of Contents Preface 11 Gateway to “the Fort”: From Colonial Fortified City to a World Heritage City 11 World Heritage Recognition and Changing Historic Urban Landscapes 13 Relevance and Motivation 13 Aims, Objective and Methods 15 Scope and Structure 16 1. History, Overview and the World Heritage Project 18 1.1 Historical Background of Galle Fort 18 1.1.1 Precolonial Galle 18 1.1.2 The Portuguese Occupation 19 1.1.3 The Dutch Occupation 24 1.1.4 The British Occupation 36 1.1.5 Post-Independence: Residential and Administrative Centre 38 1.2 Galle Fort: A General View 38 1.2.1 Location and Monuments 38 1.2.2 The Community, Land Use and the “Living City” 41 1.3 World Heritage Recognition of the Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications, 1988 44 1.3.1 The Background 44 1.3.2 Heritage Recognition: Expert Effort 46 1.3.3 The Criteria and the Lack of Mention of the Community 47 1.3.4 “A Monument of Dual Parentage”: A Phrase with Dual Purpose 48 1.4 The Progress of the World Heritage Project Over Three Decades 50 1.4.1 The First Decade (1988–1997): Conservation and Preservation 50 1.4.2 The Second Decade (1998–2007): Collaborative Research with the Netherlands 50 1.4.3 The Third Decade (2008–2018): Issues of the World Heritage Project 51 Conclusion 53 2. Theoretical Framework 54 2.1 The Concept of Cultural Landscape 54 2.1.1 Origins 54 2.1.2 Changing Notions in Geography and Successive Use in World Heritage 55 2.1.3 The Cultural Landscape Concept in Managing Historic Cities: UNESCO’s HUL Approach 55 2.2 The Notion of World Heritage 56 2.2.1 Origins 56 2.2.2 The Convention and its Critics 57 2.2.3 Heritage Listing of Inhabited Historic Cities 59 2.2.4 World Heritage as a Marker of Transformation in Inhabited Historic Cities: An Asian Experience 60 2.3 The Dynamic Historic City and Current Urban Heritage Management 63 2.3.1 Holistic and Landscape-based Approach Considering the Nature–Culture Relationship 65 2.3.2 Landscape Democracy: Participatory Approach Based on Human Rights 67 2.3.3 Conflict Resolution Through Participation 68 2.3.4 Mitigating the Dynamic Historic Urban Change Rather than Controlling 68 2.4 Participatory Planning and the People-Centred Approaches in Managing Historic Cities 69 2.4.1 Participatory Planning 69 2.4.2 Development of Participatory and People-Centred Approaches Within World Heritage 71 2.4.3 Challenges and Limitations of the Participatory Approach Within World Heritage 74 2.5 Postcolonialism, Decolonization and “Colonial Monuments” in Sri Lanka 75 3. Methodological Framework 79 3.1 Research Approach and Methods 79 3.1.1 Research Problem 79 3.1.2 Research Approach, Methods and Field Work 79 3.1.3 Materials 81 3.1.4 Tools and Techniques 81 3.1.5 Flow of the Methodology 82 3.2 Qualitative Data Analysis Methods 83 3.2.1 Structured Interviews with Residents 83 3.2.2 Semi-structured Interviews 84 3.2.3 Questionnaires 85 3.2.4 Participant Observation and Informal Conversations 86 3.2.5 Ethical Considerations, Pitfalls and Respondent Confidentiality 87 3.2.6 Anecdotes, Mental Image of the City and Producing a Short Documentary 87 3.3 Quantitative Data Analysis Methods 88 3.3.1 Comparison of Building Stock of Galle Fort from 1988 to 2016 88 3.3.2 Creation of the GIS Database 95 Introduction4. Institutional and Legal Framework 98 4.1 International Level: Institutions and Laws 98 4.1.1 UNESCO and the Origin of the World Heritage Convention 98 4.1.2 The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 98 4.1.3 The World Heritage Committee and World Heritage Centre 99 4.1.4 Advisory Bodies to the World Heritage Committee and Soft Laws 100 4.2 National Level: Institutions and Laws 101 There have been five hinge points that have changed 4.2.1 Department of Archaeology 101 the way that I think about heritage and that have inspired4.2.2 me Antiquities to undertake Ordinance the research No. 9 describedof 1940: Ahere. Colonial Law Manifests a Western Material-based 102 Conservation Approach “I became4.2.3 Urbana maritime Development archaeologist Authority to impress a girl 106 …” 4.2.4 Central Cultural Fund 107 4.3 Local Level: Institutions and Laws 109 In the mid-1990s as South Africa transitioned into democracy4.3.1 Galle from Heritage an apartheid Foundation government, I stood in 109 front 4.3.2of an officeGalle Heritage door in thePlanning Archaeology Sub-Committee Department and Special Regulations, 2009: Preserving Colonial 112 at the University Buildings of Cape Town, rechecked the small nameplate4.3.3 Galleand knocked Municipal softly. Council Having been invited 115 to go4.3.4 in, ISummary introduced of Powersmyself overand Keyexplained Institutions that I 115 wanted to study maritime archaeology. I’d been interested4.4 Other in Institutions diving and the sea since my father had 116 first 4.4.1taken ICOMOS me snorkelling Sri Lanka when I was a child. I’d 116 originally4.4.2 wantedPublic Administration to be a marine ofbiologist. the Heritage But now, City I 117 had visions of driving speedboats in exotic locations, 4.4.3 Funding Agencies: The International Donors and the Dutch Government 117 diving with sharks, and scaring away giant octopuses to get4.4.4 to treasure Research chests Institutions buried amongst and Universities the wreckage 118 of 4.5ancient Institutional East Indiamen. Policy Documents I was certain and thatthe Decisionsthe path of the World Heritage Committee 119 on which4.5.1 IThe was Preservation about to embark of the Historicwould impress City Centre the of Galle, 1987 119 girl whose attention I’d been trying to grab for some 4.5.2 Conservation and Development of the World Heritage Site of the Dutch Fort in Galle, 2002 120 time. 4.5.3 Development Plan for Galle Urban Development Area (Galle Municipal Council Area) 122 In myvvvvv first2008–2025 year of study(Volumes my Iinterest and II), in2009 maritime archaeology4.5.4 World expanded Heritage from Property romance of the Oldto Towninclude of Galle and its Fortifications: Integrated 123 something different.Management I assisted System my 2015 supervisor during the excavation4.5.5 The Annualof the Dutch Decisions East ofIndia the CompanyWorld Heritage ship Committee (1997–2018) 125 OosterlandConclusion, wrecked in Table Bay in 1697 from which 126 we recovered blue and white ceramics, jewellery and gold coins. But I found that I was drawn more to the personal belongings and other items of historical 5. Changes to the Physical Urban Landscape 127 significance rather than those finds that “treasure” value.5.1 TheFor Townhouse me, the discoveryas a Microcosm/Signifier of wooden planks, of the Urban Landscape 127 between5.1.1 which Terminology were what appeared to be fingerprints 127 in the5.1.2 caulking Dating materials Townhouses/Buildings that sealed the in gaps, Galle gaveFort 127 me a real sense of the past and brought me face to face with5.1.3 the Colonial people Characteristics who had sailed of theTownhouses eastern trade 129 routes more than 300 years previously. Kneeling 5.1.4 Changes in the Buildings (Including Townhouses) since World Heritage Recognition 135 5.2 Turning the Townhouse into an Object of Income Generation 135 5.2.1 Townhouses Converted into Villas, Shophouses and B&Bs 138 5.2.2 Functional Changes and Architectural Changes 143 5.