Sida’s helpdesk for Environmental Assessment Rapporter institutionen för stad och land · nr 6/2009 Sida’s helpdesk for Environmental Assessment Swedish EIA centre Swedish EIA centre This report is based on information collected within the The team consisted of Gunilla Åkesson, team leader, from G. Åkesson, A. Calengo, C. Tanner context of the study concerning Community Land Rights Sida’s Helpdesk for Environmental Assessment, Sweden, in Niassa Province in Mozambique, with special attention and André Calengo, legal consultant, Mozambique. Chris- paid to the programme implemented by the Malonda topher Tanner, FAO’s advisor in Mozambique and specialist Foundation. This programme is supported and financed in the Mozambique Land Law participated as a technical by the Swedish Government and aims to promote private advisor. During the field work the team was accompanied investment in the province while seeking, during the by staff from the Malonda Programme: Célia Enusse and course of the process, to ensure equitable and beneficial Francisco Pangaya, both from the Community Work Unit, social impact as an explicit objective, in particular for the Alexandre Chomar, Communications Officer and Belindo local population. Manhiça, official from the Environment Programme. The study was commissioned by Sida (Swedish Inter- national Development Cooperation Agency) and the Niassa Province, Community LandMozambique in Rights on Study Swedish Embassy in Mozambique, as a contribution to the preparation of continued Swedish support to private sector development in Niassa Province. Provincial and local work was carried out during the period April 29th to May 22nd 2008. It’s not a question of doing or not doing it - it’s a question of how to do it Rapporter Study on Community Land Rights The report is part of the Report Series at the Swedish EIA Centre SLU, at the Swedish University for Agricultural in Niassa Province, Mozambique Sciences. The Centre is commissioned by Sida to provide a Helpdesk to assist in integrating environmental con- Institutionenförstadochland sideration into Swedish development cooperation. The Helpdesk provides advice, training and guidance for Sida staff and support to capacity development in Sida partner countries. This report is the result of an independent study commissioned by Sida. The views presented are those of the Gunilla Åkesson consultants and do not necessarily reflect Sida’s views. André Calengo Christopher Tanner ISSN: 1654-0565 · ISBN: 978-91-85735-17-4 Ansvarig utgivare: Anders Hedlund · Institutionen för stad och nr 6/2009 Rapporter land SLU · Postadress: Box 7012 · 750 07 Uppsala · Besöksadress: Ulls väg 28 A-B · www.sol.slu.se Institutionen för stad och land · nr 6/2009 Sidas Helpdesk för miljöbedömning MKBcentrum SLU · Telefon: 018-67 25 30 · utveckling arkitektur kommunikation vägledning MKB Fax: 018-67 35 12 · E-post: [email protected] · http://mkb.slu.se/helpdesk Landsbygds Landskaps Miljö Natur centrum It’s not a question of doing or not doing it - it’s a question of how to do it Study on Community Land Rights in Niassa Province, Mozambique Gunilla Åkesson André Calengo Christopher Tanner Rapporter Institutionen för stad och land 6/2009 Rapporter Institutionen för stad och land · nr 6/2009 Rapporten ges ut vid institutionen för stad och land SLU - Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. I serien utges rapporter från avdelningarna för landsbygdsutveckling, landskapsarkitektur, miljökommunikation, naturvägledning och MKB-centrum SLU, som alla är en del av institutionen. Ansvarig utgivare: Anders Hedlund ISSN: 1654-0565 ISBN: 978-91-85735-17-4 © 2009 Gunilla Åkesson, André Calengo, Christopher Tanner Tryck: Repro Ultuna, Uppsala Institutionen för stad och land SLU Postadress: Box 7012 750 07 Uppsala Besöksadress: Ulls väg 28 A-B Telefon: 018-67 10 00 Fax: 018-67 35 12 E-post: [email protected] http://www.sol.slu.se Sida’s Helpdesk for Environmental Assessment, MKB-centrum Telefon: 018-67 25 30 Fax: 018-67 35 12 E-post: [email protected] http://mkb.slu.se/helpdesk It’s not a question of doing or not doing it – it’s a question of how to do it STUDY ON COMMUNITY LAND RIGHTS IN NIASSA PROVINCE, MOZAMBIQUE Gunilla Åkesson André Calengo Christopher Tanner October 2008 PREFACE This report is based on information collected within the context of the study concerning Community Land Rights in Niassa Province in Mozambique, with special attention paid to the programme implemented by the Malonda Foundation. This programme is supported and financed by the Swedish Government and aims to promote private investment in the province while seeking, during the course of the process, to ensure equitable and beneficial social impact as an explicit objective, in particular for the local population. The study was commissioned by Sida (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency) and the Swedish Embassy in Mozambique, as a contribution to the preparation of continued Swedish support to private sector development in Niassa Province. Provincial and local work was carried out during the period April 29th to May 22nd 2008. The team consisted of Gunilla Åkesson, team leader, from Sida Helpdesk for Environmental Assessment, Sweden, and André Calengo, legal consultant, Mozambique. Christopher Tanner, FAO’s advisor in Mozambique and specialist in the Mozambique Land Law participated as a technical advisor. During the field work the team was accompanied by staff from the Malonda Programme: Célia Enusse and Francisco Pangaya, both from the Community Work Unit, Alexandre Chomar, Communications Officer and Belindo Manhiça, official from the Environment Programme. We would like to thank everyone who gave their assistance as well as the national, provincial and district technicians for their support during the course of this work. We would also like to thank the people in the districts, localities and villages who shared their experience and visions for the future with us. The Portuguese version of this report was presented in October 2008, and the report was translated to English by Solange Jonsson in 2009. An additional introduction has been introduced to the English version of the report. i ii Contents PREFACE........................................................................................................................................ I SUMMARY......................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................8 I. THE STUDY ..............................................................................................................................14 REPORT STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................15 II. CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................16 THE MALONDA FOUNDATION ......................................................................................................16 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RIGHT TO USE AND EXPLOIT LAND............................................19 The state’s right to land ownership ........................................................................................19 The constitutional basis of the citizens’ right to “use and exploit land”................................19 The Nature of the DUAT.........................................................................................................19 Women’s rights .................................................................................................................................20 The DUAT and private investment..........................................................................................20 The local community...............................................................................................................21 How can a local community be identified?.............................................................................22 Community representation.................................................................................................................22 The delimitation of community land .................................................................................................23 Procedures .........................................................................................................................................24 Contents and legal delimitation method ............................................................................................25 Community consultation: contents, process and legal implications.......................................26 Contents.............................................................................................................................................26 Process...............................................................................................................................................28 Legal implications of community consultations ................................................................................29 Authorisation process of DUAT acquired from the state........................................................30 Negotiations and partnership - local communities and investors...........................................30 THE VISION BEHIND THE MALONDA PROGRAMME .......................................................................31