FROM EUROPE n recent years, the EU has experienced an unprecedented influx of TO LOCAL: Imigrants and refugees, and data shows that global human mobil- ity – whether it is spurred by economic, social, environmental or MIGRATING political reasons – will increase in the following decades. European societies will become more diverse, plural, and multi-ethnic. Thus, SOLIDARITY integration policies applied from the European to the local level need to be improved in order to be able to respond to the changing needs, and to guarantee social cohesion while respecting the rule of law and promoting a human rights-based approach. This FEPS and SOLIDAR publication is a collection of contribu- tions by academics, high level experts and policymakers presenting progressive policy solutions to turn the challenges linked to migra- SOLIDARITY MIGRATING LOCAL: FROM EUROPE TO tion and integration into social and economic opportunities for the European Union and its Member States. The analysis touches upon the institutional frameworks in which integration policies are developed from the European to the local level as well as the Tina ALICKE existing cooperation models between local authorities and civil Brando BENIFEI Tanja FAJON society organisations to provide services to migrants and refugees. Hedwig GIUSTO This book underlines the positive and constructive role played by Nevena GOJKOVIC TURUNZ local actors in the process of integration of migrants and suggests Elsa LAINO how to improve cooperation between different levels of governance Claudia MARÀ to support the active participation of migrants and refugees in the Enza Roberta PETRILLO Piotr PLEWA economic and social life in the receiving societies. Conny REUTER Daniel RIEMER Andrea ROMANO Miriam SALUSSOLIA Venere Stefania SANNA This book is edited by FEPS and SOLIDAR with Davide SARDO the financial support of the European Parliament Nadine SEDDIG Markéta SEIDLOVÁ ISBN number 978-2-930769-16-5 Mirta SOVERINI Ernst STETTER Stephanie WARKENTIN FROM EUROPE TO LOCAL: MIGRATING SOLIDARITY FROM EUROPE TO LOCAL: MIGRATING SOLIDARITY Published by: FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies Rue Montoyer, 40 – 1000 Brussels www.feps-europe.eu SOLIDAR Rue de Pascale, 4-6 – 1040 Brussels www.solidar.org Responsible editors: Ernst Stetter, Conny Reuter Edited by: Hedwig Giusto, Elsa Laino Cover design: Triptyque – Belgium Page layout and printing: Ofi cyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR Copyrights: FEPS, SOLIDAR, 2016 ISBN: 978-2-930769-16-5 This book is produced with the fi nancial support of the European Parliament. FROM EUROPE TO LOCAL: MIGRATING SOLIDARITY Foreword . .7 Conny Reuter and Ernst Stetter Introduction . .11 Hedwig Giusto and Elsa Laino Part 1 Migrants’ integration: The institutional framework The discrepancy between the national and local level in the approach to immigrants. The case of France Markéta Seidlová. 21 Migration and integration policy in the complex federal system of Germany. The example of integration courses in the city of Erlangen Daniel Riemer . .49 Social service provision for young refugees in German municipalities: Assessing individual needs and promoting long-term integration Tina Alicke, Nadine Seddig and Stephanie Warkentin . .69 Integration and access to football leagues: The Italian case after the recent law establishing an ius soli for sport Andrea Romano and Davide Sardo . 95 FROM EUROPE TO LOCAL: MIGRATING SOLIDARITY 5 TTABLEABLE OOFF CCONTENTSONTENTS Part 2 Civil society organisations and public authorities: A cooperation to be improved The relationship between pro-migrant civil society organisations and local authorities in Italy. An analysis of the case of Rome Enza Roberta Petrillo . 121 Crisis and community: Grassroots initiatives as spaces of migrant integration in Rome Venere Stefania Sanna . 145 The role of civil society in migrants’ integration in Poland Piotr Plewa . 173 The cooperation between the state institutions and civil society organisations in Serbia in the refugee crisis Nevena Gojkovic Turunz . .201 The social third sector as facilitator of civil society-local authority relations in Italy: An experience in the province of Bologna Claudia Marà, Miriam Salussolia and Mirta Soverini . 221 Part 3 The European dimension: Political perspectives The EU and the refugee crisis. “Disunited in the face of diversity” Tanja Fajon . 249 How to promote the integration of refugees and asylum seekers in the EU labour market Brando Benifei. 255 Contributors . .271 6 FOREWORD CONNY REUTER SOLIDAR ERNST STETTER Foundation for European Progressive Studies In recent years, the EU has experienced an unprecedented infl ux of migrants and refugees, and data shows that global human mobility will increase in the following decades. The future of European societies is to become more diverse, plural and multi- ethnic. Thus, integration policies applied from the European to the local level need to be improved in order to be able to respond to the changing needs, and to ensure social cohesion and equal opportunities for all. The diffi culties encountered by the European Union and Member States in providing a comprehensive and united response to tackle the root causes of migration and the increased refugees infl ux in 2015 show that a lot still needs to be done to have a truly European migration policy and diffuse the tension among Member States. Similarly, third country nationals’ integration policies all over the European Union have been very diverse and EU efforts to harmonise standards have mostly encountered the opposition of Member States. Research suggests that migrants and refugees in the European Union continue to face barriers in the education system, on the labour market, and are victims of prejudice and discrimination in society. Moreover, this group is more at risk of poverty and social exclusion compared to host- country nationals. The cost of non-integration might turn out to be higher than the investment in solidarity and human rights- FROM EUROPE TO LOCAL: MIGRATING SOLIDARITY 7 CCONNYONNY RREUTER,EUTER, EERNSTRNST SSTETTERTETTER based integration policies. Reverting the logic of austerity and improving social investment is key. This should go hand in hand with the imperative to guarantee the rule of law which provides the conditions for peaceful coexistence and equal treatment for all. Therefore, new progressive policy solutions need to be developed in order to turn these challenges into a social and economic opportunity for the European Union. Against this background, SOLIDAR and FEPS joined forces and set up a research programme to explore and assess models of cooperation between institutions from the European to the local level and civil society organisations to implement integration pro- grammes and services addressed to migrants and refugees. Com- posed of eleven outstanding contributions from academics, high level experts and policymakers, the book “From Europe to local: migrating solidarity” is the result of this research programme. The book aims to respond to three main research questions. The fi rst one examines the institutional frameworks in which integration policies are developed in France, Germany and Italy with the aim of suggesting ways forward to overcome possible gaps between the different levels of governance (from the national to the local level) in order to ensure coherent and harmonised policy outcomes. The second part of the book investigates the cooperation models between local authorities and the civil society organisations in providing integration services to migrants and refugees. Cases from three very different contexts are illustrated in this part: Italy, Poland and Serbia. Last but not least, the book includes contributions from two Members of the European Parliament, Ms Tanja Fajon and Mr Brando Benifei, providing a political perspective on what can be done at the European level to improve the EU capacity to integrate migrants and refugees and building inclusive societies. As shown by the contributions in this book, the horizontal involvement of all levels of governance, civil societies and policy 8 FFOREWORDOREWORD benefi ciaries from the European to the local dimension is key in shaping successful integration models and to ensure equal opportunities. FEPS and SOLIDAR will continue to work together to spur progressive thinking for a more social and inclusive Europe. This volume would not have been possible without the initial contribution from Judit Tánczos, whom we would like to thank for her invaluable work. FROM EUROPE TO LOCAL: MIGRATING SOLIDARITY 9 INTRODUCTION HEDWIG GIUSTO Foundation for European Progressive Studies ELSA LAINO SOLIDAR Over the last few years, the still unfolding refugee crisis has contributed – for better or for worse – in pushing the issues of immigration and integration of immigrants higher among the European Union political priorities. At the same time, the very fact that a signifi cant part (but far from the largest share) of refugees wish to reach Europe has indeed contributed to shining the spotlight on a crisis that otherwise would have probably remained a marginal and regional issue, as are the many other migration crises around the world, which are usually ignored or neglected by the media. The present crisis will probably last for quite some time and it is only going to be one in a chain of migration crises. The constant fl ow of desperate people fl eeing their homes and countries, entrusting their lives and those of their dear ones to unscrupulous human traffi ckers, crossing the Mediterranean on