Migration then and now and its impact in Europe Case studies: Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia & United Kingdom Contents Introduction 4 Czech Republic ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 Migration background �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 9 Czech Republic today� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 9 Migration waves in Czechia in 1989-1999� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 Push and pull factors � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 The Impacts of the migratory movements �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12 Conclusion� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 13 Bibliography �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 14 Denmark ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 15 Immigrants and Descendants � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 16 Denmark and the History of Migration � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 17 The Guest Worker Programme �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 18 The Immigration Law of 1983 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 18 The Tamil Case (1986-1995)� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 19 The Tightening of Immigration Policy (1983-2001)� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 20 Continued Immigration from War-Torn Regions �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 21 The Social Consequences of the Guest Worker Programme � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 22 EU and Danish Immigration �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 24 Bibliography �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 25 France ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 The framework � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 27 Quick overview on the current situation� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 28 The “Third immigration wave”: from the post-World War II era to the mid-late 70s � � � � � � � 30 Pull factors � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 30 Push factors: Different places, different factors �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 31 France and its assimilation model � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 32 Demographic, economic and political evolution in France between 1946 and 2016 model 33 What about today? �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 34 Bibliography� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 35 Germany ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 37 A brief look at history �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 38 Economic boom and need of workforce: pull factors �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 39 Push factors �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 40 Gastarbeiter in numbers �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 40 The institutional response: integration policy in Germany� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 41 The current picture � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 42 Exposition to multiculturality �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 43 Bibliography �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 45 Greece ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Description of a time span with strong migratory movements in Greece �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 48 Description of the causes of migration (push and pull factors) �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 49 Description of the impact of the migration movements in Greece in social/ economic/ demographic/ political terms �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 50 The current migration challenges in Greece �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 51 Conclusion� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 52 Bibliography� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 53 2 Hungary 54 Definition of terms �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 55 Description of time span �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 55 Current situation (trends after 2010) �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 59 Description of the causes of migration (push and pull factors) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 60 Description of the impact of the migration movements �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 61 Which policies emerged as a result of the migration movements? � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 61 Bibliography� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 62 Migration in the Republic of North Macedonia (1991-2017) ���������������������������������������������������63 The Migration terms explained � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 64 Migratory movements: push and pull factors �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 64 Migration as a transit country � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 66 The phenomenon of emigration �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 67 Migration: trends and patterns �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 68 Bibliography� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 70 United Kingdom 71 Defining the terms “migration” and “migration background”� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 72 Historic Migration – Post War Britain and the Windrush Generation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 73 Post War Labour Shortages and the need for Immigration 1948-1960 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 74 Financial Impact of Migration � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 75 Understanding the Social Impact of Migration � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 75 Understanding the Political Implications of Migration in the 1950’s � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 76 Using verbatim testimony from older people from the West Indies �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 77 Bibliography� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 78 Conclusion 79 3 Introduction Within the framework of the “Open European Societies” project, a collection of short research papers has been created about migration experiences in the participating countries; Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia and the United Kingdom� By researching the history of migration
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