Table of Contents Table of Contents Chapter One – Commercial Kitchen Fires COMMERCIAL KITCHEN FIRES...................................................................................................................... 2 The Commercial Kitchen Fire Problem ............................................................................................................. 2 Unreported Fires ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Cooking By-Products ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Grease Accumulation Severity ........................................................................................................................... 4 Grease Buildup on Fire-Extinguishing Systems ................................................................................................. 5 How Kitchen Fires Can Start/Spread................................................................................................................. 6 Where Fires Start ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter Two – Principles of Commercial Cooking PRINCIPLES OF COMMERCIAL COOKING .................................................................................................. 3 Exhaust System Configurations .......................................................................................................................... 3 General Construction Requirements .................................................................................................................. 4 Metals ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Clearances to Combustibles ............................................................................................................................... 5 Type I vs. Type II Exhaust Systems ................................................................................................................... 7 Air Movement ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Exhaust Air ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Makeup Air ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 Air for Combustion and Ventilation ................................................................................................................... 9 Exhaust Flow Rates ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Testing and Balancing ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Fire Containment Theory .................................................................................................................................. 10 Fire Containment .............................................................................................................................................. 11 Exhaust System Fire Control Concepts ............................................................................................................ 11 Chapter Three – Fire Science FIRE SCIENCE ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Physics of Combustion ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Fire Tetrahedron .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Fuel ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Heat .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Oxygen (Oxidizing Agent) ................................................................................................................................. 3 Uninhibited Chemical Chain Reaction ............................................................................................................... 3 Ignition of Solid and Liquid Fuels ...................................................................................................................... 4 Heat Transfer and Heat Flux .............................................................................................................................. 4 Conduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Convection ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 © 2012 Phillip Ackland Holdings Ltd. Table of Contents – Page 1 Radiation ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Cooking Oils and Grease Residue Ignition ........................................................................................................ 6 Cooking Oils and Spontaneous Ignition Hazards ............................................................................................... 6 Ignition Properties of Cooking Oils and Fats ..................................................................................................... 6 Cooking Oil Fires and Extinguishing System Effectiveness .............................................................................. 8 Ignition of Grease Accumulations in Exhaust Systems ...................................................................................... 9 Heat Transfer NFPA 921 Notes ........................................................................................................................ 10 Fire Plumes and Heat Release Rates (HRR) .................................................................................................... 10 Fire Patterns ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 Char .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Oxidation .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 FIRE SCIENCE ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Physics of Combustion ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Fire Tetrahedron .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Fuel ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Heat .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Oxygen (Oxidizing Agent) ................................................................................................................................. 3 Uninhibited Chemical Chain Reaction ............................................................................................................... 3 A Guide for Commercial Kitchen Fires Ignition of Solid and Liquid Fuels ...................................................................................................................... 4 Heat Transfer and Heat Flux .............................................................................................................................. 4 Conduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Convection ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Radiation ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Cooking Oils and Grease Residue Ignition ........................................................................................................ 6 Cooking Oils and Spontaneous Ignition Hazards ............................................................................................... 6 Ignition