Diabetes Care and Reearch at UM

Diabetes Care and Reearch at UM

Photo: Paul Thacker Photo: Paul by Whitley Hill 36 Spring/Summer 2004 Photo: Paul Thacker Photo: Paul he invisible epidemic: that’s “I was 29, working Jackson was admitted to what the American Diabetes at the U-M Office Michigan’s comprehen- T Association calls the disease of Administrative sive, six-day inpatient that last year took the lives of 170,000 Systems as a techni- program where her blood Americans, a number that continues to cal writer. I was liv- glucose levels were stabi- rise. Each year, 25,000 new cases of ing alone and had a lized. She consulted with blindness are caused by diabetes. It is the boyfriend; I was dietitians, attended group most common cause of renal failure in playing a lot of fid- sessions with other newly the country. Today, diabetes is the fourth dle music. I can say diagnosed people, and leading cause of death by disease in the that I never even began to learn to accept U.S. Nearly 20 million Americans have mentioned the word the reality of life with a this disease. A third of them don’t even ‘diabetes’ in my life. Martha Funnell chronic, potentially seri- know. Then suddenly I ous disease. started to lose weight and was walking But it doesn’t have to be this way. Every “I felt overwhelmed,” she recalls. “I around with a water bottle, chips, candy day at the University of Michigan, some took every instruction very seriously. bars. I was always hungry but I kept los- of the world’s best and brightest scien- Eat at the same time every day. Follow ing weight, which I thought was great at tists work at the frontline of the fight the diet plan exactly, eating the pre- the time. I even began lifting weights at against diabetes and its devastating scribed amount of carbohydrates. Give the Y! complications. That battle is the work of two distinct centers at Michigan: the Michigan Diabetes Research and Train- ing Center, which supports research, U-M scientists are beginning to test a triple antioxidant training, education and community out- reach, and its sister center, the Juvenile therapy that could prevent diabetic neuropathy. They are Diabetes Research Foundation Center exploring how cells react to oxidative stress, how growth for the Study of Complications in Diabetes, which brings together basic hormones contribute to complications, and how surrogate and clinical scientists to understand and islet cells could be implanted into people with diabetes. treat the complications of the disease. The Diabetes Informatics Core is taking the sharing of Together, the two centers fuel a power- ful environment that nurtures research, research findings to a new level. Michigan researchers are education and patient care, and targets asking tough questions about health care delivery and one of mankind’s most frustratingly pervasive and deadly diseases. At the making changes that save lives. core of it all are the patients treated here, people like Anne Jackson. Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 1986, “Soon I was feeling horrible — ‘spaced- your shot 20 minutes before eating. Jackson has received all her treatment at out’ and tired all the time. My vision Keep a detailed log — write down every Michigan, given birth to two beautiful, was getting blurry. I’d been seeing a psy- meal, every dose of insulin, your activ- healthy children, participated in clinical chiatrist and told him about it, and he ity level. It was painstaking. After all trials, and kept her doctors on their toes ordered a blood test. That night, he these years, I still get overwhelmed by with an insistent curiosity about new called me at home and said, ‘You’re all the monitoring I have to do to stay developments in research. But at the going to the emergency room. Pack healthy, but my ability to handle it is beginning, she was an exhausted, fright- your overnight bag, you’ll be there for a much better.” ened face in an ER waiting room, living while.’ My blood sugar was 890. proof of John Lennon’s adage, “Life is Normal is 80-120. In the ER, they told Helping people “handle” their diabetes what happens when you’re making other me, ‘Ms. Jackson, you’re going to be is the work of Martha Funnell. A clini- plans...” taking insulin for the rest of your life.’” cal nurse specialist for more than 30 ® Left: U-M Nurse practitioner Nugget Burkhart with diabetes patient Lydia. “When I first went on the pump, I was scared, but I learned that it isn’t as scary as I thought,” Lydia says of the insulin pump that regulates her diabetes. “Nurse Nugget helped me not to be scared.” Medicine at Michigan 37 years, she also is the admin- “We’ve come to realize that knowing what’s care. The sad part is that istrator for both of Mich- best for diabetes is not the same as knowing we’re often people’s last igan’s diabetes centers, a hope. They’ve been told diabetes educator, and a what’s best for someone with diabetes.” there’s not much that can be past president of Health —Martha Funnell, administrator for done to help them in terms Care and Education for the U-M’s diabetes centers of complications and other American Diabetes Associa- issues. They come here tion. Her work with patients because we treat patients and health professionals with respect; we recognize reflects a sea change in the clinical care knowing what’s best for diabetes is not their right to be involved in the decision- of people with diabetes. Gone are the the same as knowing what’s best for making process, and they respond posi- days of a didactic, one-size-fits-all someone with diabetes.” tively to that.” approach that obliged patients to “obey” ur work has been largely ometimes, it seems, research a rigid set of rules. Today, the patient is focused on helping health moves at a glacial pace. Basic recognized as the key to his or her own professionals let go of the old science must yield a molecular health. “O S idea of ‘getting people to change.’ It isn’t foundation for success. Then follow ani- “The concept of patient empowerment possible and it’s not our job or responsi- mal trials, then clinical trials that can last grew out of our work with patients here bility. Instead, our job is to help people for many years. Eva Feldman (M.D. at the center and with others around by creating a partnership — ‘you tell me 1983, Ph.D. 1979) is thrilled to make note the country,” says Funnell. “Empower- what you want, how hard you want to of a center study that is today making the ment is the recognition that people with work, and I’ll help you to reach those jump from basic science to clinical trials. diabetes give 99 percent of their own goals.’ This is a huge paradigm shift!” The center’s goal: understanding what causes the devastating complications that care and that each is the most important Funnell says that word of the care develop when blood glucose soars too person in determining their outcomes. patients receive at Michigan has high. What complex chain of chemical spread far and wide. “People “Professionals used to try to get events causes nerve damage, heart disease, come here because they people to care for themselves in the kidney failure and a host of other prob- know they’re going way health professionals thought lems? Five years ago, the center received was best. We’ve come to realize that to get excellent Anne Jackson with son, Charlie Held, daughter, Alice Held, and husband, Peter Held Photo: D.C. Goings 38 Spring/Summer 2004 DIABETES 101 Time-dependent changes in PET images of the left ventricle of the heart from a 26-year-old “Diabetes” is an umbrella term for two female with type 1 diabetes. Blood flow to the heart, shown in the top four panels by blood distinct diseases that yield similar out- vessels’ ability to take up N13-ammonia, is normal. Sympathetic innervation, shown in the bottom four panels, indicates extensive lack of neurotransmitter tracer uptake and loss of comes. Type 1 diabetes, or “juvenile dia- nerve endings in the heart, a characteristic of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. betes” strikes most often in childhood, though more and more adults are devel- oping it, for reasons doctors have been a landmark $6.6-million grant from the placebo. Each candidate undergoes a unable to explain. Type 1 is considered Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation to PET scan at the beginning of the trial to an autoimmune disease, in which the work on answering these questions. It’s assess the innervation of the heart. We’ll body’s own T cells attack and destroy been money well spent. learn how well each subject’s heart is the insulin-producing islet cells in the innervated, then two years later, repeat pancreas. Without insulin in the blood- Says Feldman, a professor of neurology the PET scan and look for damage. stream, the body cannot properly and director of the center, “We have a metabolize glucose; nerve-damaging unifying underlying hypothesis: that “Nearly all of us at the center are physi- toxins accumulate in the blood. People diabetes complications are caused by cians who see patients and are doing with type 1 diabetes are dependent on glucose-mediated oxidative stress. What basic science. Our goal is to take what insulin injections, often several times a we have shown is that high blood glu- we learn in the lab and apply it to our day.

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