60 THE SYRIAN LANGUAGE. the Gate Tadi, the north gate of the Sauctua.ry, appears to have been closed and replaced by an underground passage passing under the doisters, and represented at the present time by Cistern No. 1. The Northern Cloister, like the Western, ended at the Tower of Antonia, the probable approximate position of which I have marked in dotted lines. There is a statemeut in ,Josephns which 3.ppE;ars to confirm this proposed restoration of the Temple, as he mentions that the addition of the Outer Cloisters doubled the area of the Temple Enclosure.' Now the area, as enclosed by the four Outer Cloisters as shown on Plan No. 2, is rather more than 480,000 square cubits, aml the area of the Sanctuary was 250,000 square cubits; so that the one, speaking roughly, is just double of the other. In the sections, I have s11ow11 the manner in which the Temple buildings, with the levels given in Josephus and the Mislma, compare with the rock levels, as determined by exploration. These sections will explain, better than any verbal de;,cription, how well the one corresponds to the other, if the site of the Temple on Mount Moriah, which I have sl1ggested, is accepted. I would add that in this paper I have treated the subject in a i:reneral manner only, as to enter into all the details which had to be considered in preparing the plm1s woul<l make it a great deal too long. As I have stated before, my effort has been to prepare plans, which would be in accord with the historical documents, and also with what exploration has shown to 1)e the actual facts. 'l'HJ<_J SYRIAN LANGUAGE. By Lieut.-Colonel C. R. CONDER, R.E., D.C.L., &c. lN Hezekiah's time the Syrian or Ararnean language differed from Hebrew (2 Kings xviii, 2fi) ; and the discoveries due to the German explorations of 1888-91, which have just been published, cast a remarkable light on this snbjeet. The site excavated, now Sinjirli, is the ancient Samala, situated east of Issus, on the highway from Carchemish to the Gulf of Alexandretta, and north-west of Aleppo, in the extreme north of Syria. The old name itself appears to mean "the north/' and often occurs in Assyrian texts. Here, in addition to a magnificent stela of Esa.rhaddon holding captive the King of Egypt and another prisoner, were discovered statues of basalt covered with inscriptions in the Phrenician alphabet, the letters cut in relief. Of these the earliest appears to date about 800 B.c., and another about 730 R.C. ; and the forms of the older letters are very closely those of the Moabite stone. The contents are of historic value; and the language--which 11pproachcs the Moabite, Phamician, and early Aramaic rather than the Hebrew-is of great interest. The later text 1 Josephus" Wars," Book I, Chap. xxi, 1. THE SYRIAN U.NGUAGE. 61 I1as been translated (with omissions) by E. Sachau; but the older text is Jess fully treated. Excellent fac-similes of both render the study of the original comparatively easy. The following appears to me to be the transliteration, the words being clearly divided by dots:-- I.--From a Statue to Hadad by Panamwiu I. Circa 800 B.C. ,,nS 1t ::i"t:i .noi,il ,t .,,N., 1So t,..,i? ,::i 10:!:l 1:~ 1 ,oSy:1 pi:1 WOID1 ½N:::i::iii ;iw-,i t,~, ,,n iiT.li(N 'I) ,oy ioj? :! ½Ni ,,n .,,.,::i ;")W.., ,oy □ l?, il::i::i½n ,~n ;iw, , ttn.)w, SN~, , 3 lnN l'D!:l ,S,:in, .. nSN(o) . ::iw~ to , ... Cn>S!:l(.li)'D . ,,::i 4 c,,,t,y ?) o:tt.~, S~il ,-,yw ;,-,N iS · · . 5 .,'D'tV' ;,iN1 ,~n 1JiN....... G □ ,:ii l')iN 1i:ll'.,. -, · · · i · · · .,'DY .n,;,:i l~ ...... l')iNi 7 1.n:, .,:i.N ::i'tV'o Sy .n:i'tV'., o~ ,o:!:l o . 'tV'., □ 'tV' s .,,.,:i. iii! ,o,:i , "'::l~ .n.,::i 10 1w-S, :i,n .n ..... CN::i::i>½n ,mn 9 c,,,~ n ~.n'tV' , S::iN o~ .,::it,, .,,:it :i~,:it, i .liO., · · :i~:s "'l? · · · · !:)-, io.n, .,o,:i W nv, □ ... w <ol:::iSn ,,.,o::i ;iID""I p,~, 'tV'tlID 1 s~:::i::ii 1 t,~ :i. · · · :i · · · · ill') iiID~ 11 (.nio, ?)o~ , .,S il:in:i ,-,::i::i , .,,~ 10 inv., r,o, 'li!SNS::in 1i ... (il::l ?):i.Sn '11:)'1:J. •.• 12' J'i'lJ'iti .,i!SN 10 SNWN ilm iii! 1n::i ,t, 1ri: ,i,o no 'lj'Js~ t,,p .... m ,;,,~ , ,t, 13 ,n:i:::iS n::i, ~:i:i t, ,:,p., nc:io ?)t, .no nov .. , . no .n,:i::i <o ?) ~:i::icS 1i. • . coyn ·1) r,o 1.n: t4 1So S,v ,::i ,mo □ i?'D , 1t ,-,;-, :i.~: 62 THE SYRIAN LAl\GUAGE. '?l' :,,-..,, , i(ton) lnN., p '1'mtl .. n (tN ?) 1~ . .,,N., 15 n:n, , ,,:i.N iyr,, ,:,,-..,o ,,iT m.t, N:i.,:i ..... n:i.t, , ,,vo (:J.o. • :i.N,, n ll ,,i1 rn '1N iiiT t:l'I.V'N i.:Jt, '1 '1D=tl ".V':i.= · · · 'I.V'.li'1 10.V '1'mtl ".V':i.:i · · · · · DN., Ntl N:-T 17 oy ,mo 'I.V'.:JJ ,.:Jt, :,.v 10.v ?Ntv' :,:, ,;-,-, · · · · l.li., Nl q,-, ?) N:l · . -,(Nil 1 1s ".V'Otv' '1 '?N::i:i-, '1 '?N'?'1 ,iii il:J .n:i.".V''1il '1 ii , . · · ., Nl t,(iN ?) . :,, . l.li . 19 .liN=n :i. li:J:Jli"'I i ,iT-,, :l".V'., '1 ,ton tnN., .,=:i., · · · · · · · N:in l,'"'ll ,', ,:i.n= .... · · . 20 1'?0 iT:JIDD ',y ,o=o □ IDN -, · · · ii · · · · , '1 ,,:1N i.VD., '1 (Nnm ?) tol,' 21 (tl.V 1) '1ID:J.:J ', l.li-,DN '1 1i1M · · · · · · · (Nil 1) D.V '1'mtl ID::i= .,.liID.li '1 ,,iT □ .V 22 -:,,, tm i1:J .,1 SN , iln::it . ... ii v,,t, N,n ,,:, ., ,,ii iiS 1.n, SN ',N-..,., 23 l "'1'1::J.S 1N½i1'? j.li., '?N n.,. ::1 •..... :,', llit.:i i1:i..,, N'?.,'?:Ji1 10 .v:io', ilD".V'i 2-1 n., • · · · · · • ,so., l .,:i.IDo ',y :,,-..,, '1 .,,N.,:J ,ton lnt~., 25 '1N ., · · · • · :,,::i,-,n::iil,., ,m., · · · '1N · • • ',y '1N l)"'l:J '1N )"'li7., '?No n, , . · , , · · 26 i'Tri"'ION ',y '1N illi'IVt, ',y '1Nli0 i'IVN::i '1N ii,n ,1,n .,....,N, r,n-.., ,,v,, iln .......... 21 i'I.V'N::i '1N iT.,n:i ,mn l(iT,., , · ND I) '"'10)., .nnID ,-..,::i,, · · · · · · · (:,)n.,N ii,n 28 i1U,-,r,O iTNO::i iTli'1r-t,.,'1 .,.., · · · i"T'IVD il::J.N il'?N'? ii.,.,., NO • · · · · jjj r,ntt,il □ :inN "'ION., 29 j!:i:i. '?N r,-,oN liDID □ N '1il "'lot,~, THE SYRIAN LANGUAGE. 63 .,-,:;t · · · l 'tV''.:iN lO::J. ,: · · · · · iN n,:s, iN ,::;,y ~j? -,ON ,1 30 ilM"IN -,:i 10n, Nil -,::il 'l'.:iM'.:i -11::iSo ,r,,N ;:i<o 1) • . • • -,,:m , ,::iN:i il'tV'ri::iSo ,-,::n 31 rinID,, -,:m, ,j::J.N:i n:u,- ,~ nr,wj, S:s, . (-, 1)-, . N:i 1:,y ,:s,Sr, , ili'tV't{::J. 32 ilM.,ON SY ,N i1Mi::J.;l. S:s, . • .. <IDi ?> ... • ,<,nlNil .,ID., NO MN n:i,: S:s, 'IN 33 'IN t{OM ..... on:i i1;l..,ilM iN . • • .... n;i.-,n, 'tV'N :iSNn 'IN n.,,:s, j?MM 34 This is written on a, pillar with a man's (or God's) head we'lring a soft round cap, bearded but without moustache, in the Phcenician fashion. The three great breaks in the stone leave long gaps in the text, but many parts are very clear, and the meaning certain. The translation appears to me to be as follows:- (1) I am Panammu son of Karal King of Yadi. I have set up this statue to Hadad my master. (2) My people are his-Hadad both God, and light, and Chemb, and Sun; and there is given to my hand by Hadad the God, (3) and Cherub, and Sun, and light, the Sceptre of Aleppo ; and he has been to the people a light : wh1m,fore he has received ( 4) at my hands .... much worship ; and therefore I sit .... (the supremest prosp1•rity ?) is given me by my God. (5) ...... is it not a la.nd of barley ... (6) ...... a land of wheat, and a land of (oil?) (7) and a land .... the care of my people •... they till the land, and the vineyard. (8) A name he .... Panammu. Moreover I sit on the seat of my father ; and Hadad has given to my hand (9) the sceptre of Aleppo. The .... he has destroyed ; and may it cease from my father's house. And in my day also I enjoy food and drink (10) And in my day a restoration is established .... invoking the statue .... and for a statue (as) my memorial ; and for the children of the villages of A~eppo .... has been received {11) They have prospered ..•. the God an<l Cherub and Sun. And a land of glory and honor is given t.o me, and royal authority (12) . , .. In my day Aleppo .... the godless, and much they have received from my hands. And do not I ask from my God gifts for myself, and the la.nd 64 THE SYRIAN LANGUAGE. (13) and to (the son of) Karal God has given much hope.