MAJOR MISSIOLOGICAL MOTIFS IN NORTH AMERICAN CLASSICAL PENTECOSTAL MISSIONS by WARREN BRUCE NEWBERRY submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject of MISSIOLOGY atthe UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF WA SAAYMAN May 1999 ***************** Table of Contents Contents Cession of Copyright.. i Statement of Integrity ... .............................................. ii Summary ........................... ........ iii Key Terms ......................... ........v Dedication .........................................................vi Acknowledgments . .vii N~~- ··························································· ~ Abbreviations . .x Author's Comments ..................................................x1 1 The Introduction .................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose ..................................................... 6 1.2 Parameters ................................................... 7 1.3 Definitions . ·················································· 7 2. A Review of the Rise of Pentecostalism in the USA . ....................... 8 2.1 Introduction ................................................ .8 2.2 Holiness-Wesleyan Roots of Pentecostalism ........................ 10 2.2.1 John Wesley (1703-1791) ................................... 10 2.2.2 The American Methodist Church . .... 13 2.2.3 Charles G Finney (1792-1875) and Oberlin Theology . 15 2.2.4 Phoebe Palmer (1807-1874)...................... ....... 16 2.2.5 The American Civil War (1861-1865) . ....... 19 2.2.6 The National Holiness Association (1867-1894). ....... 19 2.3 Reformed, Non-Wesleyan Roots of Pentecostalism ................... -20 2.3.1 John Nelson Darby (1800-1882) .............................. 23 2.3.2 Dwight L Moody (1837-1899) ................................. 23 2.3.3 Reuben A Torrey (1856-1928) ................................ 26 2.3.4 Adoniram Judson Gordon (1836-1895) ......................... 28 a 2.3.5 Albert Benjamin Simpson (1843-1919) and the CMA ......... 29 2.3.5.1 Simpson's Missionary Theology. .............. 32 2.3.6 Restorationism . 34 2.3.7 Divine Healing . 36 2.3.7. 1 Divine Healing as an Evangelistic Tool . '.' ' .. '' .. '' ''' '''' 37 2.3.7.2 The American Healing Movement . ................... 38 2.3.7.2.a Ethan 0 Allen . 38 2.3.7.2.b EliZabeth Mix .................................... 39 2.3. 7.2.c Charles Cullis ................................... 40 2.3.7.3 William E Boardman and the International Conference on Divine Healing and True Holiness: London, 1885 ................ 41 2.3.7.4 AB Simpson and A J Gordon . ................... 42 2.3.7.4 .. a AB Simpson ................................... 42 2.3.7.4.b A J Gordon . ............ 44 2.3.7.5 Other Prominent Faith Healers. ................... 45 2.3.7.6 Final thoughts on the Healing Movement ................... 45 2.4. The Development of Pentecostalism .............................. 47 2.4.1 Early Holy Spirit Conferences ................................ 47 2.4.2 Charles Fox Parham (1873-1929) and the Apostolic Faith Movement . 48 2.4.3 William Joseph Seymour (1870-1922) and the Azusa Street Revival .. 61 2.4.4 The African American Pentecostals . .... 72 2.4.4. 1 Black Mission in a Black Neighbourhood . ........ 74 2.4.4.2 Black Pentecostalism and African Traditional Religions ....... 75 2.4.4.3 Charles H Mason and the Church of God in Christ . .. .. 77 2.4.5 To the Regions Beyond .................................... 80 2.4.6 Azusa Street Revival: Centrifugal and Centripetal. .... 81 3. The Lostness of Humankind ........................................ 82 3. 1 Those Who Have Never Heard the Gospel . .. 84 3.2 Pentecostals and lnterreligious Dialogue . .... 85 3.3 No Other Name? The Exclusiveness of Jesus Christ ................. 89 b 3.4 'Life Boat Salvation' . 91 3.5 Pentecostal Hymnology . ................................. 93 4. Church Planting and Evangelism ................... 97 4.1 Evangelism Defined ...... ................ 97 4.1.1 Ecumenical Definition ............ 99 4.1.2 Evangelical Definition ....... 103 4.1.3 Pentecostal Definition ....... 106 4.1.3.1 The Motivation For Evangelism ......................... 107 4.1.3.2 Supernatural Evangelism ............................. 109 4.2 Evangelism and Proselytism . 109 4.2.1 The Pentecostal's Response ............................... 111 4.3 Church Planting ............................................. 113 4.4 Some Final Thoughts on Evangelism .......... .............. 116 5. Indigenous Church Principles ...................................... 117 5.1 Rufus Anderson (1796-1880) ................................... 117 5.2 Henry Venn (1796-1873) ...................................... 118 5.3 Anderson's and Venn's Mutual Contribution ........................ 119 5.4 John Nevius (1829-1893) ...................................... 120 5.5 Roland Allen (1868-1947) ...................................... 121 5.6 AB Simpson and the CMA .................................... 124 5.7 The Three-selfs Formula Critiqued ............................... 124 5.8 Alice E Luce (1873-1955) ...................................... 125 5.9 Henry C Ball (1896-1989) ...................................... 126 5.10 Melvin Hodges (1909-1988) ................................... 127 5.10.1 Indigenous Church Principles From a Pentecostal Perspective .... 128 5.10.1.1 I. Self-government ................................. 130 5.10.1.2 II. Self-support .................................... 131 5.10.1.3111. Self-propagation ................................. 132 5.11 The Dynamic of the Holy Spirit in the Indigenous Church ............. 133 5.12 Indigenous Church Principles Expanded and Modified .............. 134 c 5.12.1 Morris Williams (1920-1991) ........................... 134 5.12.2 Partnership Defined ................................. 136 5.12.3 Morris Williams' Partnership ............................ 138 5.12.3.1 Paternalism .................................... 138 5.12.3.2 Fusion ........................................ 139 5.12.3.3 Parallelism ..................................... 140 5.12.3.4 Partnership .................................... 141 5.12.4 The Praxis of Pentecostal Indigenous Church Principles ... 144 5.12.4.1 International Pentecostal Holiness Church . .. 144 5.12.4.2 The Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada . .. 145 5.12.4.3 The Church of God (Cleveland, TN) . .. 146 5.13 The Pentecostal Contribution to the debate: 'A step further' . 148 5.14 The Pain of the Policy in Praxis ............................. 149 6. Social Responsibility ............................................. 153 6.1 The Ecumenical Position ...................................... 153 6.1.1 Willingen-1952: ......................................... 154 6.1.2 Canberra-1991: ......................................... 154 6.2 The Evangelical Position ...................................... 155 6.2.1 Berlin Congress 1966: .................................... 155 6.2.2 Lausanne Congress '74: . ..... 157 6.2.3 Lausanne II in Manila '89 .................................. 158 6.3 The Pentecostal Position ...................................... 158 6.3.1 The Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada ...................... 161 6.3.2 The Church of God (Cleveland, TN) . ..... 163 6.3.3 The Assemblies of God (USA) .............................. 165 6.3.3.1 Personal Visions .................................... 167 6.3.3.2 Lillian Trasher Orphanage - Assiout, Egypt ................ 167 6.3.3.3 Mission of Mercy - Calcutta, India ....................... 168 6.3.3.4 Latin America ChildCare (LACC) ........................ 169 6.3.3.5 HealthCare Ministries (HCM) ........................... 170 d 6.3.3.6 Overseas Relief Programme ........................... 171 6.3.3.7 'Startling Paradox': The pilgrimage ...................... 172 6.3.4 Towards a holistic mission theology: Kingdom of God motif ....... 176 6.3.4.1 The Eschatological framework ......................... 177 7. Pneumatology: A Pentecostal Perspective ............................. 179 7.1 Historical Background ......................................... 179 7.1.1 Xenolalia: Missionary Tongues ............................. 180 7.2 The Baptism In The Holy Spirit: The Classical Position. 187 7.2.1 Subsequent To and Different From... ...................... 190 7.2.2 The Initial Physical Evidence ............................... 191 7.2.3 Experience-Certified Theology .............................. 193 7.2.4 Biblical Precedent and Narrative Theology: A herrneneutical issue .. 196 7.3 A Missiological Pneumatology .................................. 199 7.3.1 The Great Commission of Matthew 28:16-20. ................ 200 7.3.1.1 The Obligation: A Theology of Obedience . .............. 202 7.3.2 Pentecost As Impetus And Impulse For Mission . ... 203 7.3.2.1 A Pneumatological Hiatus . .... 205 7.3.2.2 The Missionary Nature Of The Church . 207 7.3.2.2.a The Pentecostal Emphasis . .................. 209 7.3.3 The Holy Spirit and Missions . .211 7.3.3.1 The Holy Spirit As Author And Finisher Of Missions . ....... 211 7.3.3.2 The Holy Spirit As Promoter Of Missions .................. 212 7.3.3.3 The Holy Spirit Equips Believers. ............ 213 7.3.3.4 The Holy Spirit: Strategist Of Missions ............214 8. Final thoughts . .. 216 Appendix One: List of A/G missionaries trained under CMA . 219 Appendix Two: Nevius Plan . ....... 221 Appendix Three: Chart of Black Pentecostal History ......... ........ 222 Appendix Four: Christian History Time Line ................. .......