Iron Age Mnemonics: A Biographical Approach to Dwelling in Later Prehistoric Britain Lindsey Büster Domestic architecture played a central role in the identity of later prehistoric communities, particularly in creating lasting bonds between the living and the dead. Acting as a conduit of memory and legacy for successive generations of inhabitants, roundhouses straddled the divide between house and memorial. The exceptionally well preserved Late Iron Age settlement at Broxmouth in southeast Scotland demonstrates the potential of biographical approaches in understanding the central role that roundhouses played in fashioning the identity of successive households, and the role of objects in constructing genealogical narratives. Introduction: ritualizing the domestic sphere of drawing distinctions between ritual and rationality, sacred and profane, in pre-modern and non-western Domestic architecture has long been recognized as societies, but notwithstanding these arguments, it representing more than a passive backdrop to every- becomes clear that in many cases roundhouses reveal day life (e.g. Carsten & Hugh-Jones 1995; Hillier & more to us about their social and cosmological role in Hanson 1984; Parker Pearson & Richards 1994) and people’s ontological understandings of the world than houses as ‘living participants in prehistoric social the ‘practicalities’ of everyday life: a reversal of action’ (Bailey 1990, 20). This is particularly true in Hawkes’ (1954) ‘Ladder of Inference’. later prehistoric Britain, where specialized ritual monuments are extremely rare and the domestic ‘The living house’: houses as ancestors sphere becomes the focus for ritualized action in ways which are not characteristic of earlier periods It [the Maori meeting house] was simultaneously (e.g. Bell 1992; Bradley 2003; Hill 1995). Far from regarded as a living being and as a way of representing reflecting zones of activity undertaken in the course the passage of time. (Bradley 2005, 51) of daily life, many artefacts recovered from Iron Age roundhouses were not the result of casual loss The study of houses in terms of their ‘life histories’ or abandonment, but were deliberately deposited in (e.g. Tringham 2000, 127), ‘life cycles’ (Bailey 1990, highly structured ways (e.g. Webley 2007). These 28; Brück 1999b) and later, their ‘biographies’ (e.g. so-called structured deposits (cf. Hill 1995;see Sharples 2010), is well established. This has grown Garrow 2012 for a full discussion) are often associated from an understanding—based, for example, on with the foundation and abandonment of buildings, ethnographic evidence from the Batammaliba of though I will demonstrate that they also occur at Togo and Benin Republic (e.g. Blier 1987) or the important ‘transitional’ moments within the life of Zafimaniry of Madagascar (Bloch 1995a), and arch- the household. It is thus the selective deposition of aeological evidence such as ‘single phase’ Middle material by Iron Age communities (rather than the Bronze Age roundhouses in southern Britain (Brück products of casual loss and discard) that we often 1999b) or the wandering settlements of the later pre- observe in the archaeological record (Bradley 2005, historic Netherlands (Gerritsen 1999)—that, in many 208–9). Brück (1999a) has demonstrated the pitfalls societies, a close temporal affiliation exists between Cambridge Archaeological Journal Page 1 of 14 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/coredoi:10.1017/S0959774321000263. IP address:Received 170.106.202.8 12 Jul 2019;, on Accepted26 Sep 2021 26 at Mar 12:54:46 2021;, subject Revised to 22the MarCambridge 2021 Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774321000263 Lindsey Büster the development of a physical ‘house’ and the nat- of house and inhabitants. Biographical approaches ural cycles of the social ‘household’.InNew place buildings at centre-stage, rather than relegating Ireland (Küchler 1987), as Gerritsen points out, ‘the them to supporting roles in anthropocentric narratives. house does not survive its inhabitant’ (1999, 82) and in this way, ‘house and inhabitants are commen- ‘Nested’ and ‘cyclical’ biographies surable’ (1999, 81). More recently, however, with the material turn and more symmetrical frameworks of On long-lived sites, choices by one generation of interpretation regarding human and non-human inhabitants would have been constrained and shaped actants (e.g. Latour 2005), biographical approaches by the decisions of their predecessors (cf. Gosden & have been criticized as over-anthropocentric (Joyce Lock 1998, 3); their presence would be continually & Gillespie 2015), with a move towards concepts felt and reflected upon, not least through the material such as ‘itinerary’ (Joyce 2015). These criticisms of remains encountered (frequently and unintention- biography are valid in many cases, especially in rela- ally) in the course of everyday life. The partial sub- tion to artefact studies where the approach was first sidence of House 2 at the Late Neolithic site of and is perhaps most widely employed (e.g. Gosden Opovo in Serbia due to its construction over a former & Marshall 1999; Joy 2009). As Joyce (2015, 28) points infilled well (Tringham 2000, 123) is just one out, ‘objects ... are not actually much like people’, example, and is mirrored at the Iron Age hillfort of and the study of their biographies necessitates mul- Broxmouth in southeast Scotland (see below) by the tiple ‘reincarnations’ or cycles of life and death. slumping of a series of Middle Iron Age roundhouses Nevertheless, one could say that people are not into the infilled ditch over which they were built much like people either, if one takes, for example, (Armit et al. 2013, 93). Such frequent encounters the circulation after death of plastered skulls in with the past (in the past) highlight that the division Neolithic southwest Asia or the Christian relics of of continuously occupied, long-lived sites (whether Medieval Europe: these ‘people’ too outlive such they be whole settlements or individual house- constrained implementations of biography. stances) into distinct ‘phases’ of activity artificially Turning back to domestic architecture, we know divides their biographies into discrete episodes, con- from ethnographic accounts that houses can be per- ceptually severing these intimate ties between genera- ceived as human bodies. In the Maori meeting house tions. Instead, we might think of biographies (van Meijl 1993), for example, veranda=face, porch= operating simultaneously at a variety of scales, from brain, ridge-pole=spine etc., while amongst the settlements and their surrounding landscapes stretch- Batammaliba of Africa (Boivin 2004a), the clay used to ing back into ancestral or ‘mythical’ time to (in a make houses is akin to flesh and the clay-based plaster British Iron Age context) ramparts or gateways refur- applied to the surfaces of walls is referred to as ‘skin’. bished every few decades, and smaller features such Similarly, Eriksen’s(2016) study of Viking longhouses as grain-storage pits or animal byres having annual reveals etymological origins for architectural elements cycles, and so on. Any inhabitant living within this in human body parts (‘window’=vidauge=‘wind eye’, settlement may draw, perhaps simultaneously, on all ‘gable’=gavl/geblan=‘head, skull’, etc.), and ‘footprint’ of these temporal and spatial references in the formu- is still used today in English to refer to the ground-plan lation of their own social identity. In order to reflect of a building. Taken together with the apparent ‘crema- this adequately, we must replace single overarching tion’ and ‘burial’ of some high-status halls (which may biographical frameworks with concepts of ‘nested’ well have had names), Eriksen argues that we should biographies which can simultaneously situate the not perceive houses in these societies merely as represen- individual, the household and the community at vari- tations of bodies but actual bodies. She prefers to see ous scales in space and time (Fig. 1). Viking longhouses as ‘house-bodies’,inmuchthe Furthermore, since the ‘conception’ of a struc- same way as, for example, Alberti & Marshall (2009) ture draws on a pre-existing settlement landscape, describe ceramic vessels in first-millennium AD north- can we really think of biographies as linear phenom- west Argentina as ‘body-pots’. Indeed, perceiving ena with distinct beginnings and ends? With careful only representation and metaphor risks viewing the maintenance, individual houses can often ‘outlive’ past through a post-Enlightenment, Cartesian lens their human occupants; analysis of Neolithic houses which separates humans from their material world. at Çatalhöyük, Turkey, for example, indicates that As such, the biographical study of a house (and particu- the use-lives of individual house posts could extend larly the house(s) which I present below) is not in con- over several generations (Hodder 2012, 194, fig. flict with a flat ontological framework and in fact 9.8). As such, houses themselves can become central enhances our understanding of the relational identities