COVER-ISSI-SR-003 16-12-2005 12:56 Pagina 1 SR-003 ISSI Scientific Report SR-003 The Solar ofISSI Years Ten SystemandBeyond: The Solar System and Beyond Ten Years of ISSI Johannes Geiss & Bengt Hultqvist (Eds.) Contact: ESA Publications Division c/o ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Tel. (31) 71 565 3400 - Fax (31) 71 565 5433 colofon 16-12-2005 12:54 Pagina i i SR-003 June 2005 The Solar System and Beyond Ten Years of ISSI Editors Johannes Geiss and Bengt Hultqvist The Solar System and Beyond: Ten Years of ISSI colofon 16-12-2005 12:54 Pagina ii ii J. Geiss & B. Hultqvist Cover: Earth rising above the lunar horizon as seen by the Apollo 8 crew - Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders - when orbiting the Moon in December 1968 (Photo: NASA/Apollo 8 crew) The International Space Science Institute is organized as a foundation under Swiss law. It is funded through recurrent contributions from the European Space Agency, the Swiss Confederation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Bern. Published for: The International Space Science Institute Hallerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland by: ESA Publications Division ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Publication Manager: Bruce Battrick Layout: Jules Perel Copyright: © 2005 ISSI/ESA ISBN: 1608-280X Price: 30 Euros Contents 16-12-2005 11:27 Pagina iii iii Contents R.-M. Bonnet Foreword . v PART A J. Geiss and B. Hultqvist Introduction . 3 R. Lallement The Need for Interdisciplinarity . 5 L.A. Fisk The Exploration of the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions with Ulysses . 15 – A Case Study in International Cooperation R.A. Treumann and R.Z. Sagdeev The Astrophysical Relevance of Space Plasma Physics . 27 L. Colangeli The Role of Laboratory Experiments in Characterizing Cosmic Materials . 41 PART B J. Geiss and G. Gloeckler Evolution of Matter in the Universe . 53 R.A. Mewaldt and G.M. Mason Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy and the Heliosphere . 69 K.G. McCracken, J. Beer and F.B. McDonald The Long-Term Variability of the Cosmic Radiation Intensity at Earth . 83 as Recorded by the Cosmogenic Nuclides R. von Steiger and C. Fröhlich The Sun, from Core to Corona and Solar Wind . 99 The Solar System and Beyond: Ten Years of ISSI Contents 16-12-2005 11:27 Pagina iv iv Contents B. Hultqvist, G. Paschmann, D. Sibeck, T. Terasawa, R.A. Treumann and L. Zelenyi Space Plasma Physics . 113 A. Balogh and V. Izmodenov The Heliosphere and Its Boundaries . 151 E. Möbius and R. Kallenbach Acceleration in the Heliosphere . 165 P. Frisch, E. Grün and P. Hoppe Interstellar and Pre-Solar Grains in the Galaxy and in the Solar System . 183 W.F. Huebner and K. Altwegg Comets and Their Interstellar Connections . 197 W. Hartmann, D. Winterhalter and J. Geiss Chronology and Physical Evolution of Planet Mars . 211 S. Zucker and M. Mayor The Search for Extrasolar Planets . 229 List of Authors . 245 ISSI Volumes . 251 Foreword 16-12-2005 11:32 Pagina v v Foreword When it was created ten years ago, through the initiative of Professor Johannes Geiss, the International Space Science Institute (ISSI), like every new venture, faced the risk of a short-lived existence. Instead, the initial impetus provided by both Johannes Geiss and Bengt Hultqvist set the Institute on a winning course. In the hands of these two talented and famous European pioneers of space science, an ambitious programme was established for ISSI, which gradually linked the Institute’s original series of Scientific Workshops with a growing number of International Teams of scientists, thereby involving the science com- munity more proactively. Scientists from all around the globe have been drawn to ISSI to take advantage of the unique opportunities and facilities that it offers for conducting first-class science by making use of space as well as ground and laboratory data. The result has been an exceptional output in terms of scientific achievements and discoveries that are a testimony to the uniqueness of the Institute. The recognition of its role and its usefulness continues to grow day by day, to the point where ISSI is now capable of attracting the World’s best scientists. After the first decade and with a new team at the helm, we thought it would be an appropriate moment to review the Institute’s achievements so far through the summaries and reflections of the main players who have so actively participated in its early life. We also thought that such an initiative could be beneficial not only for the wide scientific community involved in ISSI’s activities, but also for those perhaps less-specialised people who already know something about the Institute and its work but would like to learn more. That is how the idea of this book was born. The fact that ISSI’s ten-year anniversary happens to coincide with the celebration of the centenary of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity offers a unique chance to showcase the Institute’s role. There was nobody better placed to take responsi- bility for this book’s production than the two pioneering founders of ISSI. I would like to express here my great admiration for their dedication and their work, and my strong belief that their invaluable work will continue to serve the cause of international science for many years to come. Roger-Maurice Bonnet Executive Director of ISSI The Solar System and Beyond: Ten Years of ISSI Foreword 16-12-2005 11:32 Pagina vi Foreword 16-12-2005 11:32 Pagina 1 Part A colofon 16-12-2005 12:54 Pagina i Introduction 16-12-2005 11:33 Pagina 3 3 Introduction The “space age” began nearly half a century ago. One of the highlights of this epoch was the first view by humans of the Earth rising above the lunar horizon, as shown on the cover of this volume. These early pictures of the Earth seen from a distance have created a new public perception of the World around us. The deserted lunar landscape and the dark space looming behind the Earth con- trast starkly with the blue planet – it appears as a beautiful and lonely island in an otherwise hostile cosmic environment. The change in the public’s perception of the World has been matched by advances in our scientific understanding of the Universe, of the origin and evo- lution of the Solar System with the Sun, the planets, moons and comets, and last but not least of the Earth, including its environment and near-Earth space. All of this has been brought about during the first fifty years of the space age. For the last decade, the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) has participated actively in this development. The present volume provides an overview of the results of the many ISSI Workshops that have taken place, and it is hoped that the reader will thereby gain an insight into the role that the Institute has been playing in fostering these scientific advances. The International Space Science Institute was established just ten years ago, and its first Workshop was held in October 1995. The various contributions were published as Volume 1 of the Space Science Series of ISSI books in the fall of 1996. By the end of 2005, a total of 21 volumes in this series, and four in the ISSI Scientific Reports series, will have been published. They contain the com- plete results of the Study Projects and Workshops that have formed a major part of ISSI’s scientific programme over the past ten years. International “ISSI Teams” were introduced in 1997 as a new type of support for the space-science community. In contrast to the Workshop projects, these Teams define their own goals and publish their results in the appropriate scientific jour- nals. More than 1200 scientists from 40 countries have participated in ISSI Workshops and Team meetings so far, many of them visiting the Institute quite regularly. Their commitment has made ISSI a success, and their dedication to doing science has contributed greatly to the Institute’s spirit and intellectual atmosphere. ISSI’s most important merits lie in its internationality, interdisciplinarity and interactivity, providing both support and a forum for international participation, bringing together groups of scientists with broad and diverse expertise, and The Solar System and Beyond: Ten Years of ISSI Introduction 16-12-2005 11:33 Pagina 4 4 J. Geiss & B. Hultqvist providing the logistics for efficient cooperation between scientists from various disciplines, so that the synergistic benefits can be optimized. ISSI’s primary focus has been on the Solar System, where the need for interdisciplinary studies has been strongest. However, it reaches out far beyond the bounds of the Solar System, building bridges between Solar System Science, Earth Science, Astronomy and even Fundamental Physics. This book summarizes the results of ISSI Workshop projects in a number of sci- entific areas, to which they have made important contributions, but we do not claim any completeness. There are two parts to the volume: Part A contains essays relating to the evolution and scientific goals of ISSI, while the articles in Part B relate more specifically to the Space Science Series of ISSI and ISSI Scientific Reports volumes (see below and covers reproduced on page 251). The book has been specifically written with non-specialists in mind, and hopefully will thereby provide not only scientists from other fields but also the interested layman with a basic understanding of ISSI’s achievements. But this is easier said than done. It is quite a challenge to explain in simple terms – but without falling into the trap of oversimplification – any advance in basic science or new and evolving ideas, a dilemma expressed by Paul Valéry with the words “Tout ce qui est simple est faux, mais tout ce qui ne l’est pas est inutilisable”.