LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 11 : 4 April 2011 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. List of Contents Dalits and Indian Literature ... Prasanta Chakraborty, Ph.D. 1-18 Perception of Phoneme Contrast in Noise in Children with Normal Hearing and Cochlear Implant - A Comparative Study ... Winnie Alex, S. B. Rathna Kumar, G. Yamini Sindhura, S. G. R. Prakash 19-27 A Study of Arabic Interference in Yemeni University Students' English Writing ... Yahia Ahmed Qaid, M.Ed. in ELT, Ph.D. Candidate and L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. 28-37 Effects of Some Students-Related Factors on Their Metacognitive Awareness ... Fazalur Rahman, Ph.D., Nabi Bux Jumani, Ph.D., Muhammad Ajmal, Ph.D., Saeed ul Hasan Chishti, Ph.D. and Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Ph.D. 38-56 Youth, Modernization and Social Transformation - A Study of Rural and Hill Society in Uttarakhand, India ... Deepak Paliwal, M.Phil., Ph.D. and Rajesh Chandra Paliwal, Ph.D. 57-66 Lexical Cohesion in the Speeches of His Majesty, King Abdullah II of Jordan ... Hatmal O.E. Al Khalidy, Ph.D. Student and L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. 67-76 Language Acquisition through Integrative Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) ... S. Gunasekaran, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. 77-83 The Syntax of Agreement in Khasi ... George Bedell, Ph. D. 84-94 Language in India www.languageinindia.com i 11 : 4 April 2011 Contents List Immersion Program: The Indian Context ... Shaban Barimani, Ph.D. Candidate Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch 95-121 A Study of Behaviour of Medical Students Towards Dictionary Use ... Ali Ahmad, Ph.D. Scholar, Hafiz Mansoor-ul-Haq, M.B.BS., FCPS Zafar Iqbal, Ph.D. 122-131 The Trends of Higher Education among the Students of Madrassa Education System in the Twin Cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi in Pakistan ... Malik Muhammad Afzal, Ph.D. Scholar 132-143 Introducing Educational Technology, Moodle at Nizwa College of Technology - A Case Study ... Lucas Kohnke 144-154 The Metaphor: A Rhetorical Tool in Some Selected Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Kwame Nkrumah ... Eric Opoku Mensah, B.A.(Hons), M.Phil. 155-172 Bilabial Assimilation in Urdu: An Acoustic Analysis ... Zafeer Kiani, M.Phil. Student, Abdul Qadir Khan, Ph.D. Student and Nadeem Haider Bukhari, Ph.D. 173-185 Images of Motherhood in African-American Literature - A Focus on Alice Walker's Meridian ... Christine Gomez, M.A., Ph.D. and Angeline.M. M.A., M.Phil. 186-192 Theoretical Perspective of Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code ... M. John Britto, M. A., M. Phil. 193-198 Faculty Classroom Performance ... Safdar Rehman Ghazi, Ph.D. and Gulap Shahzada, M.A., M.Ed. 199-209 Language in Andal's Thiruppavai ... Poornima Immanuel, Ph.D. 210-217 Evaluation of the Supra-Segmental Phonemes in the Novels of R. K. Narayan ... Shakeba Jabeen Siddiqui, Ph.D. 218-228 Roles of Output in Foreign Language Learning ... Mohammad Nurul Islam, Ph.D. 229-251 New Historicism in Amitav Ghosh's The Shadow Lines ... Bhanumati Mishra, M.Phil., Ph.D. Research Scholar 252-256 A Brief Introduction to the Sound System of Sizang - A Kuki-Chin Language ... Bobita Sarangthem Ph. D. Candidate and P. Madhubala, Ph. D. 257-265 Language in India www.languageinindia.com ii 11 : 4 April 2011 Contents List Interactive Techniques in the Language Classroom - An Activity Based Research Study ... J. Samuel Kirubahar, Ph.D. and A. Subashini, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed. 266-281 Linguistic Diversity and Classroom Issues - A Case Study of International Classrooms of the International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan ... Fauzia Janjua, Ph.D. 282-289 ELT in India - Need for New Thrust ... N. L. N. Jayanthi, M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D. (English), Ph.D. (Education) 290-294 Some Pragmatic Markers of Politeness Used in English to Smoothen Communication ... Prashant Mishra, M.A., P.G.C.T.E., P.G.D.T.E., M.Phil., Ph.D. 295-303 Rett Syndrome - A case study of Malayalam Speaking Child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder ... Supritha Aithal, Manjunath Y.N., and Shyamala K.C., Ph.D. 304-321 Role of Instructional Technology in Training for NFBE Teachers in Pakistan ... Muhammad Ashraf Malik, Ph.D. Candidate, Muhammad Aslam Adeeb, Ph.D., Muhammad Abid Shahzad, M.A., Abdul Hameed Lone, Ph.D. Candidate, Aijaz Ahmed Gujjar, Ph.D. Candidate, Hassan Danial Aslam, M.S., Muhammad Farooq Asif, Ph.D. Candidate 322-330 Communicative Language Teaching: A Modified Version ... Furrakh Abbas, Sahar Aslam and Rabia Yasmeen 331-341 Integrating Video in English Language Teaching ... Avis Joseph, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed. and G. Baskaran, Ph.D. 342-350 Performance of Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Graduates of English and Urdu Medium Schools - A Comparative Study ... Assad Nisar, Ph.D. Scholar and Saira Ijaz Ahmad, Ph.D. Scholar 351-361 Essential English by E. Suresh Kumar, P. Sreehari and J. Savithri (Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan Private Limited, 2011) A Review by R. Anandam, M.A, M.Phil., B. Rajkumar, M.A, M.Phil., and G. Baskaran, Ph.D. ... 362-366 English Language Teaching (ELT) In Saudi Arabia: A Study Of Learners' Needs Analysis With Special Reference To Community College, Najran University ... Mohd. Mahib ur Rahman, Ph.D. English, M.A. English, P.G. Dip. Linguistics 367-461 Speech Obstacle - Overcoming Adversity ... David Bunce, M.S. 462-466 Language in India www.languageinindia.com iii 11 : 4 April 2011 Contents List Ostracized Beings - Dalit Women as Portrayed in Bama Faustina’s Sangati – Events … Dhanalakshmi A., M.A., M.Phil. 467-475 Weekly Notes: Practical Ideas for Research & Better Writing ... M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. 476-478 Creative Works ... Various Authors – Selvi Bunce, Bala Devi, Tanu Kashyap 479-493 Multiple Intelligences of the Students ... Gulap Shahzada M.A., M.A., M.Ed., Safdar Rehman Ghazi, Ph.D. and Habib Nawaz Khan, M.A. 494-504 A PRINT VERSION OF ALL THE PAPERS OF APRIL, 2011 ISSUE IN BOOK FORMAT. This document is better viewed if you open it online and then save it in your computer. After saving it in your computer, you can easily read all the pages from the saved document. 1-504 Language in India www.languageinindia.com iv 11 : 4 April 2011 Contents List LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 11 : 4 April 2011 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. Dalits and Indian Literature Prasanta Chakraborty, Ph.D. ================================================================= Traditional Caste Hierarchy and Atrocities Committed Against the Dalits Language in India www.languageinindia.com 1 11 : 4 April 2011 Prasanta Chakraborty, Ph.D. Dalits and Indian Literature Besides the four main castes, there is a fifth group - the Dalits treated as the untouchables in the society. Oppressed, downtrodden and exploited, the Dalits are hardly considered to be part of the human society even some time ago. When the Constitution of India assures everybody equal rights and opportunities, many among the Dalit community are yet to receive and exercise such natural rights. The Dalits were seen as polluting the society and were generally banned and segregated physically from participating in Hindu social life. While some change has taken place, the lot of the majority of this section of Indian society continues to be woeful, to say the least. The Dalit Movements Against these atrocities, the subalterns, especially the Dalits, initiated several movements in Indian history. Today, a majority of these discriminated subaltern communities identify themselves as Dalits, thereby acquiring a new identity by coming together with the perspective that "Dalit is dignified". The Dalit movements, aimed at the liberation of Dalit folk from the oppressive structures in Indian society, are directly connected to subaltern movements. They reject the sub-human status imposed on them by the Hindu social order. Sathianathan Clark remarks that ―the subordination and subjection that marks the life of Dalits in India bring them into the contours of a particularly contextual assembly of subalternity. (Dalits and Christianity, p.6) Oliver Mendelshon and Marika Vieziany express similar opinion, ‗Untouchables (Dalits) have retained their identity as a subordinated people within Indian society, and by this we mean to identify a condition that is far more severe than merely being bottom of an inevitable hierarchy.‘ (The Rights of Subordinated People, p.115) Explaining the term ‗subaltern‘ Homi Bhabha, a key postcolonial scholar, emphasizes the importance of social power relations in his working definition of ‗subaltern‘ groups as ―oppressed, minority groups whose presence was crucial to the self-definition of the majority group: subaltern social groups were also in a position to subvert the authority of those who have hegemonic power. (The Post-Colonial Question, p.210) Questions Focused in This Article Given these circumstances, a question may be naturally raised: How are the Dalits introduced and portrayed in Hindu upper caste dominated Indian literature? How do the Dalit litterateurs look at themselves in the post-independent India? How are Dalits observed by the non-Dalit Hindu, Muslim and Christian writers as well as by the Dalits themselves? The Dalit issue has an added new dimension as well, in its close proximity to issues concerning the feminist literature, within Indian literature.