Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page i The Pineapple Botany, Production and Uses Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page ii Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page iii The Pineapple Botany, Production and Uses Edited by D.P. Bartholomew R.E. Paull and K.G. Rohrbach University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu USA CABI Publishing Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechani- cally, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permis- sion of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The pineapple : botany, production, and uses / edited by D.P. Bartholomew, R.E. Paull, and K.G. Rohrbach. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-85199-503-9 1. Pineapple. I. Bartholomew, D. P. (Duane Phillip), 1934- . II. Paull, Robert E. III. Rohrbach, K. G. (Kenneth G.) SB375.P47 2002 634Ј.774--dc21 2002005741 ISBN 0 85199 503 9 Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn Pineapple Prelims 24/10/02 11:21 AM Page v Contents Contributors vii Preface ix 1. History, Distribution and World Production 1 Kenneth G. Rohrbach, Freddy Leal and Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge 2. Morphology, Anatomy and Taxonomy 13 Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge and Freddy Leal 3. Breeding and Variety Improvement 33 Y.K. Chan, G. Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge and G.M. Sanewski 4. Biotechnology 57 M.K. Smith, H.-L. Ko, S.D. Hamill, G.M. Sanewski and M.W. Graham 5. Crop Environment, Plant Growth and Physiology 69 Eric Malézieux, Francois Côte and Duane P. Bartholomew 6. Cultural System 109 Anthony Hepton 7. Plant Nutrition 143 Eric Malézieux and Duane P. Bartholomew 8. Inflorescence and Fruit Development and Yield 167 Duane P. Bartholomew, Eric Malézieux, Garth M. Sanewski and Eric Sinclair 9. Pests, Diseases and Weeds 203 Kenneth G. Rohrbach and Marshall W. Johnson 10. Postharvest Physiology, Handling and Storage of Pineapple 253 Robert E. Paull and Ching-Cheng Chen 11. Processing 281 Anthony Hepton and Aurora Saulo Hodgson Index 291 The colour plates can be found following page 166 v Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page vi Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page vii Contributors D.P. Bartholomew, Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Science, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Y.K. Chan, MARDI, GPO Box 12301, Kuala Lumpur, 50774, Malaysia. C.-C. Chen, Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. G. Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, CIRAD–FLHOR/IPGRI, AA 6713, Cali, Colombia. F. Côte, CIRAD, BP 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 01, France. M.W. Graham, Queensland Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Gehrmann Laboratories, Level 4, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. S.D. Hamill, Maroochy Research Station, PO Box 5083, SCMC, Nambour, Qld 4560, Australia. A. Hepton (retired), Dole Food Company, 5795 Lindero Canyon Rd, Westlake Village, CA 91362, USA. A.S. Hodgson, Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. M.W. Johnson, Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. H.-L. Ko, Maroochy Research Station, PO Box 5083, SCMC, Nambour, Qld 4560, Australia. F. Leal, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Agronomía, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela, and IPGRI, AA 6713, Cali, Colombia. E. Malézieux, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), TA 179/01 Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. R.E. Paull, Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822-2279, USA. K.G. Rohrbach, Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. G.M. Sanewski, Queensland Horticulture Institute, PO Box 5083, SCMC, Nambour, Qld 4560, Australia. E. Sinclair, Golden Circle Ltd, PO Box 150, Nundah, Qld 4012, Australia. M.K. Smith, Maroochy Research Station, PO Box 5083, SCMC, Nambour, Qld 4560, Australia. vii Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page viii Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page ix Preface Pineapple is the third most important tropical fruit in world production after banana and cit- rus. Seventy per cent of the pineapple produced in the world is consumed as fresh fruit in the country of origin. This worldwide production has developed since the early 1500s when pineapple was first taken to Europe and then distributed throughout the world’s tropics. International trade is dominated by a few multinational companies that have developed the infrastructure to process and market pineapple. The most famous variety in world trade is Cayenne Lisse (‘Smooth Cayenne’), which was introduced to Europe from French Guiana. Many clones of this cultivar are known and a number of other cultivars are only grown regionally for consumption in the country of production or represent a minor component of the fresh-fruit export market. Drought tolerance and the ease of transport of vegetative propagules facilitated the wide diffusion of pineapples around the world. However, the relatively short shelf-life of fresh pineapple fruit limited early commercial trade to relatively short transportation routes or a preserved form of the fruit. The commercial processing of pineapple started in Hawaii at the end of the 19th century and Hawaii was a world leader in pineapple research and processing until after the Second World War. The invention and refinement of the automatic peeling and coring machine by Henry Ginaca in Hawaii, between 1911 and 1919, allowed the develop- ment of a large-scale economically viable canning industry. This was paralleled by the major expansion of pineapple production and expanded research on the crop. This book is the outcome of discussions between the editors over the past 10 years. The most recent comprehensive book on pineapple was published in French in 1983 and an English version with minor additions was published in 1987. That book is now out of print. The need for such a book was also seen as opportune, as many of the individuals involved in the research associated with the international expansion of pineapple production and mar- keting were retiring. This book is an attempt to put in one place a synopsis of the worldwide research findings and commercial practices, mainly for ‘Smooth Cayenne’, but mention is made of other cultivars where they differ from ‘Smooth Cayenne’ and where published infor- mation was available. The book integrates genetics, breeding, physiology, pathology, handling and processing ix Pineapple Prelims 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page x x Preface with commercial practices. Successful commercial production requires not only an integra- tion of these findings, but their management in different biotic and abiotic environments and with different market needs. The information contained in the book should be of use to all interested in pineapple production and utilization. Many have contributed to this text. The editors wish to thank the individual chapter authors for their patience and understanding. Special thanks are due to Valent BioSciences Corporation, California, for a generous donation that allowed us to include the eight pages of colour plates. Tania Ishimaru worked for many hours typing and editing and checking the individual chapters, and her help is sincerely appreciated by the editors. All errors and omis- sions are the responsibility of the editors. In closing, we would like to dedicate this book to the many scientists who spent much of their life working on pineapple. Cristos Sideris, Walter Carter, J.L. Collins, Claude Py and Eloys Giacommelli warrant special mention for their many contributions to the advancement of pineapple science and culture. Many scientists at the Pineapple Research Institute of Hawaii contributed much to our knowledge of pineapple, but their work was done for pri- vate growers and so remains largely unpublished. We hope progress will continue to be made in understanding this unique and fascinating crop. Duane Bartholomew Kenneth Rohrbach Robert E. Paull Honolulu, 2002 Pineapple Chapter 01 14/10/02 2:09 PM Page 1 1 History, Distribution and World Production Kenneth G. Rohrbach,1 Freddy Leal2 and Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge3 1Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; 2Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Agronomía, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela; 3IPGRI/CIAT, AA 6713, Cali, Colombia Early History had done the same with pineapple long before Colón. Other evidence points to the Prior to the discovery of the pineapple fruit antiquity of pineapple cultivation. Thus, the by Cristobal Colón (Christopher Columbus) names ‘nanas’ and ‘ananas’ were extensively on 4 November 1493 (Morrison, 1963), the used throughout South America and the fruit was already a stable component of the Caribbean. Early European explorers vegetative-crop complex and in the diet of observed a high degree of domestication and native Americans in the lowland tropics selection exhibited in the pineapples they (Laufer, 1929).