DoCoal: We Suffer A Very From Important Brain Drain InEconomic Hampton Engine Roads? in Hampton Roads DO WE SUFFER FROM BRAIN DRAIN IN HAMPTON ROADS? Brain drain, also known as human capital flight, can occur on several levels. – investopedia.com he term “brain drain” was first used to describe the loss of English scientists and other experts who moved from the United Kingdom to the United States and Canada more than 50 years ago. When most Americans think of brain drain, they usually focus on international migrants coming from other countries to the U.S. The United States has been a magnet destination for skilled workers from around the world and a significant portion of our economic growth is owed to Ttalented international migrants who, among other things, are much more likely to start a new company than Americans who grew up here.1 But brain drain also takes place within countries and even within states. Do First, to be counted in the labor force, one either must have a job, or be we suffer from a brain drain of talented people who leave our region for what actively seeking a job. Unfortunately, labor force participation rates have been they perceive to be better prospects? Last year’s State of the Region report declining for men ages 26-64 for decades. Graph 3 demonstrates that for noted a conundrum related to this question. On one hand, Hampton Roads has whatever set of reasons, large proportions of men of conventional working age been laggard in terms of job creation, which would spur people to leave. On no longer can be counted as being in the labor force. Since 1945, the labor the other hand, the unemployment rate has continued to decline in our region, force participation rate of men ages 25-64 has fallen more than 11 percent, and this would seem to indicate a tightening labor market and attractive job and fell approximately 4 percent in the past decade.2 prospects.1 The declining labor force participation of men has been partially, but not Let’s sort out what has been going on. Graph 1 reveals that Hampton Roads completely compensated for by the increasing labor force participation of has yet to regain all the jobs we lost during the Great Recession; at the end women. Further, since the turn of the century, the labor force participation rates of 2016, we remained 0.5 percent below our prerecession high in 2007. of more mature individuals, those 65 and older, has increased noticeably. Meanwhile, metropolitan regions such as Charlotte grew 12.4 percent and The second reason why we have experienced declining unemployment Raleigh 15.2 percent. In the realm of employment, the U.S. Bureau of Labor rates even while we have not been creating many new jobs is that we have Statistics tells us that the April 2017 unemployment rate in our region was experienced net out-migration of individuals from our region. We will provide only 4 percent, down from 4.3 percent in April 2016, and well below the 8.1 evidence in this regard in the next section. We should note, however, that percent peak rate we experienced in January 2010 during the Great Recession there is a bit of recent evidence suggesting that this trend might be reversing. (see Graph 2). Regardless, the combination of declining employment to population ratios and How is it possible to have our regional rate of unemployment fall six years in a out-migration turned out to be an economically draining combination over the row even though the total number of jobs in our region has declined slightly? past decade. There are two primary reasons. 1 Sari Pekkala Kerr and Stephen R. Kerr, “Immigrants Play a Disproportionate Role in American 2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not publish labor force participation rates for regions such as Hampton Entrepreneurship,” Harvard Business Review (Oct. 3, 2016). Roads. 148 THE STATE OF THE REGION | HAMPTON ROADS 2017 Complicating our region’s stagnant growth scenario are the complaints of some employers that they cannot find the workers they wish to hire. This is evidence of “structural unemployment” – round pegs (workers) that don’t fit into square holes (jobs available) because the available workers are not qualified to fill the jobs that are open. Apparent occupational examples include welders, machinists and certain health care practitioners, such as occupational therapists. DO WE SUFFER FROM BRAIN DRAIN IN HAMPTON ROADS? 149 GRAPH 1 GRAPH 1 PERCENT NET NEW CIVILIAN JOBS GAINED/LOST IN SELECTED MSAs, PERCENT NET NEW CIVILIAN JOBSVIRGINIA, GAINED/LOST NORTH IN SELECTEDCAROLINA, MSAs, FROM VIRGINIA, 2007 NORTH/2008 TOCAROLINA, 2016 FROM 2007/2008 – 2016 16% 15.2% 14% 12.4% 12% 10% 8.4% 7.3% 8% 6.7% 5.8% 6% 4.8% 3.9% 4% 2% 0% -0.5% -2% Sources: U.S. Department of Labor CES seasonally unadjusted data and the Old Dominion University Economic Forecasting Project. *Note that peak employment in Raleigh, Durham, Northern Virginia and Virginia occurred in 2008. SourceChange fors: theseU.S. areas Department is shown for 2008 of Laborthrough 2016. CES seasonally unadjusted data and the Old Dominion University Economic Forecasting Project. Note that peak employment in Raleigh, Durham, Northern Virginia and Virginia occurred in 2008. Change for these areas is shown for 2008 through 2016. 1 150 THE STATE OF THE REGION | HAMPTON ROADS 2017 Source: FRED,FederalReserve BankofSt.Louis,https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/VIRG251URN Source : FRED,: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 1990-01-01 1990-08-01 1991-03-01 1991-10-01 UNEMPLOYMENT RATEINHAMPTONROADS 1992-05-01 1992-12-01 1993-07-01 1990-APRIL2017 INHAMPTONROADS,JANUARY UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 1994-02-01 1994-09-01 1995-04-01 1995-11-01 , 1996-06-01 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/VIRG251URN 1997-01-01 1997-08-01 1998-03-01 1998-10-01 1999-05-01 1999-12-01 2 . 2000-07-01 0 % 2001-02-01 G 2001-09-01 GRAPH 2 RAPH 2002-04-01 2 2002-11-01 2003-06-01 2 2004-01-01 2004-08-01 2005-03-01 , 2005-10-01 JANUARY 1990 2006-05-01 2006-12-01 2007-07-01 2008-02-01 2008-09-01 2009-04-01 8 . 2009-11-01 1 % 2010-06-01 - APRIL 2011-01-01 2011-08-01 2012-03-01 2012-10-01 2017 2013-05-01 2013-12-01 2014-07-01 2015-02-01 4 2015-09-01 . 0 2016-04-01 % 2016-11-01 151 DO WE SUFFER FROM BRAIN DRAIN IN HAMPTON ROADS? GRAPH 3 GRAPH 3 CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES BY AGE AND GENDER: UNITED STATES, 1945-2017 CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES BY AGE AND GENDER: UNITED STATES, 1945-2017 Source: Advisor Perspectives, www.dshort.com (June 13, 2017) 3 152 THE STATE OF THE REGION | HAMPTON ROADS 2017 New York City metropolitan area) and those that have encountered declining Out-Migration From defense expenditures and exhibit high living costs (San Diego and Honolulu). Hampton Roads Taking an overall view, however, it remains true that the net flow of migrants in and out of Hampton Roads has been negative. Out-migration from Hampton Roads? People leaving? How can this be when the population of our region has been rising – from 1,676,624 in 2010 to 1,725,777 in 2015?3 The answer is that we have had more births than deaths and this has caused our overall population to increase, even while more people have been leaving the region than arriving here. As Graph 4 indicates, between 2010 and 2016, there was a net flow of 41,540 domestic individuals out of Hampton Roads. Indeed, Forbes magazine recently ranked Hampton Roads ninth among the 10 metropolitan areas with the largest domestic migrant outflows between 2010 and 2014.4 A raft of empirical studies informs us that working-age individuals (and their families) are the primary people who have left our area. Easily the major reason they do so is that they perceive job prospects elsewhere are superior to those in Hampton Roads (see, for example, James V. Koch, “Why Do People Move from One Metropolitan Area to Another?” in R.J. Cebula et al., eds., “Economic Behavior, Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship,” Edward Elgar, 2015). To what destinations have Hampton Roads migrants headed? Table 1 discloses that between 2010 and 2014, the Richmond metropolitan area accounted for the largest net outflow of people from Hampton Roads, followed by the Blacksburg metropolitan area centered around Virginia Tech and then the Atlanta metropolitan region. Note, however, that more than 12,000 people left Hampton Roads for nonmetropolitan areas, including energy-rich rural sites in North Dakota, Texas and Montana. Table 2 reverses the analysis and records the metropolitan regions with which Hampton Roads had the largest net positive inflows. These locations are dominated by blue states with declining industrial bases (for example, the 3 Hampton Roads Planning District Commission, www.hrpdcva.gov/news/article/february/09/2016/2015- population-estimates-show-increase-in-hampton-roads-population. 4 www.forbes.com/pictures/56129f0fe4b0ffa7afe573fb/no-9-virginia-beach-norfo/#6bbb3c72121c. DO WE SUFFER FROM BRAIN DRAIN IN HAMPTON ROADS? 153 GRAPH 4 2010-2016 DOMESTIC MIGRATION: GRAPH 4 HAMPTON ROADS AND OTHER METROPOLITAN REGIONS 2010-2016 DOMESTIC MIGRATION: HAMPTON ROADS AND OTHER METROPOLITAN REGIONS 153,366 150,000 142,873 100,000 90,756 68,237 61,852 50,000 21,389 0 -41,540 -26,498 -46,264 -50,000 Source: Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change: April 1, 2010, to July 1, 2016, U.S.