Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Bakalářská práce BRITISH AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY – HISTORY AND PRESENT Martina Hánová Plzeň 2014 Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury Studijní program Filologie Studijní obor Cizí jazyky pro komerční praxi angličtina – němčina Bakalářská práce BRITISH AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY – HISTORY AND PRESENT Martina Hánová Vedoucí práce: Ing. Radana Šašková Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury Fakulta filozofická Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Plzeň 2014 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jen uvedených pramenů a literatury. Plzeň, duben 2014 ……………………… Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor Ing. Radana Šašková for her patience, guidance, support which has helped me to complete this bachelor thesis. Table of contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 2 Industrial revolution in Great Britain ........................................................................ 3 2.1 Industry of base materials: iron and steel – coal and chemistry ............................ 4 2.2 Traffic engineering ................................................................................................ 5 2.3 Waterways – rivers and canals ............................................................................... 5 2.4 Toll roads and McAdam ........................................................................................ 6 2.5 The rail lines .......................................................................................................... 7 2.6 Steam locomotive .................................................................................................. 8 3 History of automobile industry in the United Kingdom ............................................ 9 3.1 The early years of the automobile in Britain ......................................................... 9 3.1.1 Daimler Motor Company ................................................................................. 10 3.1.2 The Prince of Wales rides in a Daimler belt-driven car ................................... 12 3.2 Introduction to history of British automobile development ................................. 15 3.3 The rise of the British motor industry before 1914 ............................................. 16 3.4 1919 – 1968 ......................................................................................................... 19 3.5 Seventies .............................................................................................................. 22 3.6 1986 to 2001 ........................................................................................................ 26 3.7 2001 - present ....................................................................................................... 28 4 Introduction of British carmakers ............................................................................ 30 5 UK automobile industry facts .................................................................................. 37 5.1 Export ................................................................................................................... 39 5.2 Manufacturing ...................................................................................................... 39 5.3 Registrations ........................................................................................................ 40 5.4 SMMT .................................................................................................................. 42 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 43 7 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 45 8 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 53 9 Resumé .................................................................................................................... 54 10 Appendices .............................................................................................................. 55 1 Introduction The topic of the bachelor thesis is the British automobile industry from its beginning to the present. The thesis is focused mainly on the theory of automobile industry, its industry, development, export, manufacturing, registration and little commentary of its influence to the environment. The automobile industry is very important for the UK. It takes part in share of domestic product. The automobile industry has an annual turnover of £59.3 billion and represents 10 % of total exports of the UK. This industry creates many jobs. Over 731,000 people are employed across the UK automobile industry. The important milestone for the British automobile industry was the Industrial revolution which started in 1750. This period included the development of several industries such as textile industry, mining industry or engineering industry but the largest improvement monitored the transport. The next part of the thesis deals with a rich history of the British automobile industry from early beginnings, which are dated into the 80s of the 19th century, to the present. The thesis also deals with the British car makers which are mentioned there. There are listed all brands that belong to the UK. And also the brands, that do not belong to the UK anymore. 1 The last chapter of this thesis is devoted to the British automobile industry facts. There are numbers of employment in this industry, turnover, export, manufacturing, registrations, how the automobile industry influences environment. Last part of the thesis is devoted to the Society of Motor Manufacturers & Trades – SMMT. This organization supports and promotes interests of the UK automobile industry. 2 2 Industrial revolution in Great Britain This chapter is devoted to the Industrial revolution in Great Britain. This revolution was an important milestone for industry in the UK and also for transport. Industrial revolution in Britain took place in 1750 – 1850. The symbol of this revolution was the steam engine and the driving force was steam. “The British Industrial Revolution meant the transition from individual and manufacture production to factory production.“1 The process of industrialization began in Britain in the second half of the 18th century. The industrialization was the process during which the share of industrial production increased. During the industrialization an increase of social product was recorded as well as the increase in the national economy. Also stratification and life forms had been changed during this process. 2 The essential feature of the Industrial Revolution was the technological development and a number of technical innovations that were implemented in a short period of time. „ The word technology is used in German linguistic usage to describe each purpose – oriented treatment by any means, tools and also to indicate the skills.” 3 One of the features of the Industrial Revolution that changed the city skylines are typical factories with tall chimneys. In the vicinity of these factories the headquarters were built, usually for people who worked in those factories. The new railways were built, then new roads, canals and channels. People who lived in villages began to migrate to cities where they became labourers. 4 1 NĚMEC, Václav a Jan SURÝ. Dějepis.com: Anglická průmyslová revoluce a její rozšíření. [online]. 1997 [accessed. 2014-04 24]. Available from: http://www.dejepis.com/ucebnice/anglicka-prumyslova- revoluce-a-jeji-rozsireni 2 Paulinyi, Ákoš. Průmyslová revoluce o původu moderní techniky. Vyd. Praha: nakladatelství ISV, 2002. 290 s. ISBN 80-86642-02-X p. 18 – 25 3 Ibid. 4 NĚMEC, Václav a Jan SURÝ. Dějepis.com: Anglická průmyslová revoluce a její rozšíření. [online]. 1997 [accessed. 2014-04 24]. Available from: http://www.dejepis.com/ucebnice/anglicka-prumyslova- revoluce-a-jeji-rozsireni 3 The Industrial Revolution was an important milestone for the textile industry. In this period significant things were invented such as a new spinning machine and others. Massive production also affected the transport positively. The first locomotive was constructed in 1804. In 1825 the first railway which was intended for public transport and it was between Stockholm and Darlington was opened. Later other railways such as intercity railway between Manchester and Liverpool were opened. The revolution also affected shipping.5 The revolution helped development of engineering for example due to an increased demand for iron ore, coal and new production of steel. Besides chemistry, transport began to develop, especially on rails and rivers. The first iron bridge over the river Severn was built and new roads as well.6 2.1 Industry of base materials: iron and steel – coal and chemistry Textile machines, using of new equipment, construction of new transport routes and means of transport, the expansion of engineering all this increased demand for iron.” At that time people used charcoal. In 1750 England was not a producer of iron therefore they had to solve the problem how to use mineral coal for the production of iron. The iron production became competitive in the 1780s. Iron production responded to demand very slowly and late since it was not flexible enough. Labour costs for transportation and wood felling increased. British