_________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Neurophysical effects of essential oil constituents in insects and molluscs: Do they target octopamine receptors? Price, David Neil How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Price, David Neil (2006) Neurophysical effects of essential oil constituents in insects and molluscs: Do they target octopamine receptors?. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42832 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. 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David Neil Price Submitted to the University of Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Swansea University 2006 ProQuest Number: 10821222 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10821222 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract Essential oils and their constituents are potential pesticides whose mechanism of action is unknown. Some, such as eugenol, are claimed to work at micromolar doses in insects by activation of neuronal octopamine receptors, though there is no physiological evidence. The actions of eugenol, citral and geraniol on the neurophysiology of cockroaches and snails were examined, focusing on comparisons with octopamine. Cockroaches were killed by topical application or intra-abdominal injection of the oils. Minimum lethal injection doses indicated haemolymph concentrations exceeding 5mM. Eugenol depressed impulse activity recorded extracellularly in the abdominal nerve cord whereas citral and geraniol produced biphasic effects (low-dose excitation). Similar effects on spiking occurred in dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons, recorded intracellularly in the isolated terminal abdominal ganglion. The oils reduced spike undershoot and decreased excitability of depolarized DUM neurons, and eugenol induced plateau potentials. Octopamine did not reduce spike undershoot or produce plateau potentials; it had opposing effects to eugenol on DUM neurons and foregut activity, and its effects on DUM neurons were not blocked by eugenol. Thus eugenol did not activate or block octopamine receptors. Snailswere killed by the oils dissolved in the aquarium water (ca. 5 x Krtvl). Citral and geraniol mimicked octopamine in activating rhythmic movements of the buccal mass and initiating burst activity in intracellularly recorded neurons in isolated buccal ganglia (fictive feeding). Eugenol generally reduced spike activity, acting like a local anaesthetic. Octopamine, applied by perfusion or iontophoresis, hyperpolarized an identified giant neuron, whereas the oils excited it. Metoclopramide blocked excitatory responses to octopamine but not to the oils. Thus the oils did not appear to activate either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing octopamine receptors. Below 10'3M the oils did not block octopamine (or dopamine) receptors, or affect electrotonic coupling, though acetylcholine receptors were blocked at 5 x lO^M. The results indicate no specific targeting by essential oils of octopamine receptors in insects or snails, and the high doses required to produce effects suggest that a range of non-specific factors could contribute to their pesticidal actions. Declaration and Statements DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed.... (candidate) Date STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed (candidate) Date STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed (candidate) Date Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Declarations and Statements.............................................................................................iii Contents.......................................................................................................................iv-viii Figures......................................................................................................................... ix-xiv Tables ................................................................................................................................ xv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... xvi Publications .....................................................................................................................xvii Chapter 1. General Introduction.............................................................................. 1-16 1.10 Essential oils: secondary metabolites and chemical defence............................ 2-4 1.11 Essential oils and their constituents............................................................2-3 1.12 Activity against insects..................................................................................... 3 1.13 Activity against molluscs.................................................................................. 4 1.20 Roles in pest control programmes....................................................................... 4-5 1.30 Mode of toxic action............................................................................................ 5-8 1.31 Effects o f essential oils on octopamine receptors..................................... 6-8 1.32 Effects o f essential oils on acetylcholinesterase.......................................... 8 1.40 Experimental oils............................................................................................... 9-11 1.41 Eugenol........................................................................................................ 9 1.42 Geraniol and citral............................................................................... 9-10 1.43 Occurrence o f essential oils in animals..................................................10 1.50 Experimental animals........................................................................................12-15 1.51 Insects..................................................................................................... 12-13 1.52 Molluscs.................................................................................................. 14-15 1.60 Aims of the study......................................................................................................16 Chapter 2. High doses of essential oil constituents are needed to kill cockroaches: an insight into the mechanisms of their insecticidal actions?............................17-56 2.10 Introduction....................................................................................................... 18-19 2.11 Aims .............................................................................................................19 2.20 Materials and Methods..................................................................................... 20-26 2.21 Experimental animals.................................................................................. 20 2.22 Toxicity tests............................................................................................20-23 2.23 Food consumption....................................................................................... 24 2.24 Repellent effects........................................ 24-25 2.24 Statistical analysis....................................................................................... 26 2.30 Results..............................................................................................................