Contract Number: GS00Q14OADU130 Delivery Order: 80GRC019D0017, Deliverable 5 Reliable, Secure, and Scalable Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) Options for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Virginia L. Stouffer1, William B. Cotton2, Randall A. DeAngelis, Dr. Daniel M. Devasirvatham, Thomas B. Irvine3, Richard E. Jennings, Dr. Ronald D. Lehmer, Thanh C. Nguyen, Michelle Shaver 12 August 2020 Prepared for: NASA Glenn Research Center Prepared by: SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 12010 Sunset Hills Road Reston, VA 20190-5856 1Transformational Technologies LLC, 2Cotton Aviation Enterprises, Inc., 3TBI Aerospace Consulting LLC The material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract Number GS00Q14OADU130. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. GS00Q14OADU130 DO: 80GRC019D0017 Reliable, Secure, and Scalable Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Options for Urban Air Mobility TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... iv Chapter One .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Charter ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Process ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Initial State of Knowledge about UAM Ecosystem for This Task........................................... 2 1.4 Additional Operational Assumptions ....................................................................................... 7 1.5 Functions and Specifications.................................................................................................. 10 Chapter Two................................................................................................................................................ 15 2.0 Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance .............................................................................. 15 2.1 CNS Technologies ................................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 21 2.3 Spectrum Efficiency ............................................................................................................... 24 2.4 Systems Engineering and Integration ..................................................................................... 26 2.5 Research Challenges and Questions ....................................................................................... 33 2.6 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 36 Chapter Three.............................................................................................................................................. 38 3.0 Avionics Certification, Standards, and Processes............................................................................. 38 3.1 Overview of FAA Type Certification Process ....................................................................... 38 3.2 UAM Avionics, Integration, and Interoperability .................................................................. 48 3.3 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 53 Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................................... 55 4.0 Gaps in Interoperability Between UAM and sUAS in CNS and ATM Service ............................... 55 4.1 Operational Assumptions ....................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Communications .................................................................................................................... 56 4.3 Navigation .............................................................................................................................. 57 4.4 Surveillance ............................................................................................................................ 57 4.5 Air Traffic Management Assumptions ................................................................................... 58 4.6 Avionics Commonality Between UAM and sUAS ................................................................ 59 4.7 Research Areas ....................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter Five ................................................................................................................................................ 62 5.0 Recommendations for UAM CNS .................................................................................................... 62 5.1 CNS Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 62 5.2 Integration Recommendations ............................................................................................... 67 5.3 Certification and Standards Recommendations ..................................................................... 70 5.4 Interoperability Recommendations ........................................................................................ 72 5.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 74 Dated: 12 August 2020 ii Prepared by SAIC GS00Q14OADU130 DO: 80GRC019D0017 Reliable, Secure, and Scalable Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Options for Urban Air Mobility APPENDIX A UAM CNS Functional Specifications ........................................................................... A-1 APPENDIX B Technology Attributes Worksheets ............................................................................... B-1 APPENDIX C Acronym List ................................................................................................................ C-1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. An Artist’s Conception of an Urban Air Mobility Environment ................................. 3 Figure 1-2. FAA’s UTM ConOps (v 2.0) Describes an Unmanned Airspace Ecosystem.............. 6 Figure 1-3. Tallest Buildings in the U.S. by Height and Location ............................................... 10 Figure 1-4. Communication Functions for UAM Operation ........................................................ 11 Figure 1-5. Navigation Functions for UAM Operation ................................................................ 12 Figure 1-6. Surveillance Functions for UAM Operation .............................................................. 12 Figure 2-1. Protected Frequencies for Aviation (Source: FAA) ................................................... 25 Figure 2-2. Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) .......................................................................... 26 Figure 2-3. Simplified UAM Architectural Hierarchy: Avionics and CNS ................................. 32 Figure 3-1. Overview of FAA Type Certification Process ........................................................... 38 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Navigation Functions and Recommended Technologies.................................................. v Table 2. Surveillance Functions and Recommended Technologies .............................................. vi Table 1-1. Densely Populated Urban Core Areas under Class B and C Controlled Airspace ........ 4 Table 1-2. Derived Functional Requirements for UAM ............................................................... 13 Table 2-1. Technology Alternatives Studied ................................................................................ 15 Table 2-2. Technologies for Communications Functions ............................................................. 17 Table 2-3. Technologies for Navigation Functions ...................................................................... 17 Table 2-4. UAM Cooperative Surveillance Technologies for Air and Ground ............................ 19 Table 2-5. Ground-Based Non-Cooperative Surveillance Technologies ..................................... 20 Table 2-6. Air-Based Non-Cooperative Surveillance Technologies ............................................ 20 Table