APJCN 2004: 13, Supplement: S1-S180 ISSN 0964-7058 2004 Volume 13 Supplement Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia (2004), Volume 28 in conjunction with the Nutrition Society of New Zealand and IUNS & APCNS International Congress of Clinical Nutrition Supported by the Australian Academy of Science (AAS) National Nutrition Committee Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition Editors Mark Wahlqvist, Melbourne Akira Okada, Osaka Guest Editors Samir Samman, Sydney David Sullivan, Sydney HEC PRESS www.healthyeatingclub.org/APJCN/ APCNS G IUNS G NSNZ APJCN 2004: 13, Supplement: S1-S180 ISSN 0964-7058 2004 Volume 13 Supplement Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia is published annually to incorporate abstracts of papers read at the Society’s Annual Scientific Meeting. Papers read at plenary sessions and symposia are by invitation. Contributed papers are presented at the meeting as either oral or poster communications. Every attempt is made to edit all abstracts to conform to the Society’s ‘Instructions to Authors’, subject to the constraints imposed by the necessity to publish the Proceedings in time for distribution at the Scientific Meeting. Enquiries regarding the Nutrition Society of Australia Inc. should be made to: NSA Inc. National Secretariat PO Box 949 Kent Town SA 5071 AUSTRALIA Email: [email protected] Website: www.nsa.asn.au Current and past NSA conference abstracts are available at the Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition website: http://www.healthyeatingclub.org/APJCN Full papers from selected Plenary lectures and Symposia from the IUNS & APCNS International Congress of Clinical Nutrition and 28th Nutrition Society of Australia meeting will be published as conference proceedings in the Asia Pac J Clin Nutr APCNS G IUNS G NSNZ Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition THE JOURNAL OF THE ASIA PACIFIC CLINICAL NUTRITION SOCIETY APJCN 2004: Volume 13 (Supplement) : 1-180 ISSN 0964-7058 EDITORS: Mark Wahlqvist MD, Asia Pacific Health and Nutrition Centre, Monash Asia Institute, 8th Floor, Menzies Building, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, AUSTRALIA . Fax: (+61) 3 9905 8146; Email: [email protected]. Akira Okada MD, President, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo- cho, Izumi City, Osaka, 594-1101, JAPAN. Fax: (+81) 725 56 5682; Email: [email protected]. Managing Editor: Antigone Kouris-Blazos PhD, HEC PRESS, 157 Clarendon Street, Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria 3006, AUSTRALIA; Fax: (+61) 3 96994474. Email: [email protected] Editorial Office: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Asia Pacific Health and Nutrition Centre, Monash Asia Institute, 8th Floor, Menzies Building, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, AUSTRALIA Fax: (+61) 3 9905 8146. Email: [email protected]. Administration officer: Wendy Yu Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (APJCN) is a peer- Subscription Rates: The journal is published four times per year reviewed journal published for the Asia Pacific Clinical and the prices per annum for 2004 are as follows: Nutrition Society (APCNS). 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Clarendon St, Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria 3006, Australia; Fax: +61 (0) 3 96994474; [email protected]; http://www.healthyeatingclub.org The Joint Proceedings of The Nutrition Society of Australia in conjunction with the The Nutrition Society of New Zealand Volume 28 Twenty-eighth Annual Scientific Meeting Brisbane, Queensland, 11 – 13 August 2004 and the IUNS & APCNS INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS of CLINICAL NUTRITION Optimal Health through Sustainable Nutrition A conference of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences Incorporating the 7th International Symposium of Clinical Nutrition & 4th International Conference of the Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society under the auspices of the Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society and supported by the Australian Academy of Science (AAS) National Nutrition Committee Brisbane, Queensland, 11 – 13 August 2004 2004, The Nutrition Society of Australia ISSN-0314-1004 2004, HEC PRESS, Melbourne, Australia ISSN 0964-7058 i THE NUTRITION SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA (incorporated) www.nsa.asn.au OFFICE BEARERS 2004 President Professor Jennie Brand-Miller Vice-President Professor Wayne Bryden Honorary Secretary Professor Andrew Sinclair Honorary Treasurer Dr Maria Makrides Honorary Editor Associate Professor Samir Samman Group Chairpersons Dr Karen Murphy (Adelaide) Dr Leigh Ward (Brisbane) Associate Professor Karen Cashel (Canberra) Associate Professor Neil Mann (Melbourne) Dr Manohar Garg (Newcastle) Dr Jonathan Hodgson (Perth) Dr Jayashree Arcot (Sydney) Dr David Woodward (Regional Tasmania) Dr Barbara Meyer (Wollongong) Editorial Board Dr Katrine Baghurst Dr Hugh Dove Associate Professor Samir Samman Professor Andrew Sinclair Business Manager Ms Elisabeth Eaton THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES www.IUNS.org COUNCIL 2001-2005 President Professor Mark Wahlqvist President-Elect Professor Richard Uauy Vice-President Dr Philip James Secretary General Professor Osman Galal Treasurer Professor Claus Leitzmann Immediate past president Dr Barabara Underwood Councillors Prof. Lindsay Allen Prof. Tola Atinmo Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Elmadfa Prof. Dr. Keyou Ge Prof. Pauline Kuzwayo Dr. Juan Rivera ii Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society President: Professor Widjaja Lukito, Indonesia Immediate Past President: Professor Mark Wahlqvist, Australia Vice President: Professor Kazuo Kondo, Japan Secretary: Associate Professor Prasong Tienboon, Thailand Treasurer: Professor Osman Ali, Malaysia Councillor: Professor Zhu-ming Jiang, China Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society is established to create links between clinical nutritionists in the Asia Pacific region. The Society seeks thereby to promote the contribution of nutritionists to the health of the