4 Preface Through an analytical approach embracing and integrating the two perspectives of gender equality and multicultural conviviality the Global COE Program entitled “Gender Equality and Multicultural Conviviality in the Age of Globalization” (established in the field of social sciences, with Miyoko Tsujimura as the program director and in cooperation with the Institute of Social Sciences of University of Tokyo) established in 2008 at Tohoku University attempts to present solutions for the broad set of problems emerging in a world of advancing globalization. Furthermore, as its primary purpose, this GCOE program aims to cultivate young researchers able to generate deep understanding and effective answers addressing the problems of globalization (for further details please visit the GCOE program’s website available at http://www.law.tohoku.ac.jp/gcoe). Since the second year of this project we have been also able to welcome the participating students of our Cross-National Doctoral Course (CNDC) allowing the GCOE program to unfold its full research capacity. To aid in achieving its stated purposes and objectives this GCOE program launched a journal which publishes its academic research results in academic year 2008. Adopting the first letters from the GCOE’s program title “Gender Equality and Multicultural Conviviality”, this periodical was named “GEMC journal”. Since academic year 2009, we have published two GEMC journals, English and Japanese volumes every year. The journal is divided into two sections. The first section includes invited articles requested by members of the journal’s editorial board and features papers based on presentations held at one of the GCOE’s workshops, as well as research articles from program members. In order to provide young researchers the opportunity for publishing their research work, the second section of this journal features submitted and reviewed articles. The journal accepts articles related to the GCOE’s program regardless of the author’s academic status and qualifications, and invites the authors of articles considered for publication to present their work at a workshop and to share the results of this research work. All submitted papers are subject to a review process conducted by the Referee Board established within the Editorial Board of this journal. Given the broad nature of themes the submitted papers cover, this Referee Board evaluates the articles by inviting additional opinions from anonymous experts from each article’s academic field. Based on these evaluations the Referee Board aims to provide a firm and fair review process. We would like to express our deepest gratitude to all external experts who have been kind enough to provide their help in offering their opinions on the various articles. Accompanying the advancement of globalization, the differences created by gender, nationalism, community and generation have caused severe and structurally entangled negative effects for society. This GCOE program was initiated to support the seeking of ways to overcome these negative effects and to construct a society sharing a plurality of cultural values. In 2008, the year of the GCOE program’s founding, the world was been dominated by the globalization issue of the financial crisis spreading from its epicenter in the United States of America. Yet, while this crisis has created challenges of a complex and immediate nature, this GCOE program wishes to create through academic ventures reliable and sound research building the foundations for addressing these challenges. Therefore, we hope that this GEMC journal represents one effort in this endeavor. March, 2011 GEMC journal Editorial Board Tohoku University Global COE “Gender Equality and Multicultural Conviviality in the Age of Globalization” 003 GEMC journal Contents Preface GEMC journal Editorial Board ……… 003 PartⅠ Special Issue DYNAMISM OF GENDER POLITICS IN CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES SAWAE Fumiko ……… 006 TURKEY’S RESPONSE TO THE GLOBAL GENDER REGIME Nüket KARDAM ……… 008 PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN IRAN’S POLITY Heshmat Sadat MOINIFAR ……… 024 A READING OF GENDER ISSUES IN MUSLIM SOCIETIES: For Non-Muslims Who Live in Developed Countries MINESAKI Hiroko ……… 036 PartⅡ Invitational Papers FEMALE AND CHILD VICTIMS: Indian Situation Kumaravelu CHOCKALINGAM ……… 048 WOMEN AND RELIGION IN AMERICAN HISTORY: Social Practice and the Politics of Gender David D. HALL ……… 068 CAN YOU LIVE ON A PRAYER? An Empirical Analysis of a Marriage Market in Japan MORITA Hatsuru ……… 086 TEN YEARS’ EXPERIENCE OF GENDER QUOTA SYSTEM IN KOREAN POLITICS SHO Eunyoung ……… 098 ANALYSIS OF THE BALANCE OF INTENTION TO SUPPORT PARENTS AND PARENTS-IN-LAW: A Study of Intergenerational Support as Seen from Patterns of Support Balance SUZUKI Fumiko ……… 106 PartⅢ Submitted Papers THE PERCEPTION OF THE PHILIPPINES IN JAPANESE PAN-ASIANISM FROM THE MEIJI-ERA UNTIL THE WAKE OF THE PACIFIC WAR Sven MATTHIESSEN ……… 128 REGIONAL GOVERNANCE AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: European Strategies towards the Implementation of Global Norms NAKAMURA Ayako ……… 160 List of Contributors ……… 182 GEMC journal Guidelines for Submission ……… 183 GCOE Program Members and GEMC journal Editorial Board Members ……… 185 PartⅠ Special Issue DYNAMISM OF GENDER POLITICS IN CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES SAWAE Fumiko TURKEY’S RESPONSE TO THE GLOBAL GENDER REGIME Nüket KARDAM PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN IRAN’S POLITY Heshmat Sadat MOINIFAR A READING OF GENDER ISSUES IN MUSLIM SOCIETIES: For Non-Muslims Who Live in Developed Countries MINESAKI Hiroko 4 2011.3 DYNAMISM OF GENDER POLITICS IN CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES SAWAE Fumiko This special issue features the revised papers presented characterized by different regimes in terms of Islam, at the International Workshop organized by Professor gender, and politics: Turkey, a secularist state that Miyoko Tsujimura’s research project entitled “Gender abolished the Sharia-based legal system; Egypt, a country Equality Policies and Challenges in Asian Countries” employing the Islamic personal status law along with of the Global COE Program, and Associate Professor secular laws for other fields of social life; and Iran, an Fumiko Sawae’s JSPS project entitled “Taking Islamism Islamic republic which itself is a unique combination of into the Conception of the Public Sphere”. This timely Islamic norms and a modern polity modeled after France. collaboration furthered the mandates and objectives of In this special issue of the GEMC journal we are both research networks. delighted to publish a collection of these papers provided The International Workshop “Dynamism of Gender by the distinguished presenters and commentator of this Politics in Contemporary Muslim Societies” was held on workshop. The paper on the subject of Egypt kindly 17 October, 2010 at Tohoku University. The workshop submitted by the distinguished Professor Amira El-Azhary aimed at discussing how contemporary Muslim societies Sonbol from Georgetown University is not included in have been experiencing globalization in terms of gender. this special issue due to its publication in another journal. Gender in Muslim societies is quite an interesting It is therefore that I would like to add a few words about field. Students of gender studies discuss gender as a socio- Professor Sonbol’s important contribution to the workshop. cultural construction. By doing so, they can find a room In her paper entitled “Codifying the Family: The Shari’a for negotiation and change. Thus, gender related problems and Nineteenth Century Legal Reforms”, Professor need to be understood by considering historical, socio- Sonbol illuminated how the codification of Sharia-based economic, political and religio-cultural contexts of a Egyptian personal status law had been exposed to the society concerned. Interestingly enough, however, once influence of the Victorian gender norms as a superior norm Muslim societies become a subject, argument tends to be construct against the Islamic norms at the beginning of based on the presumption that Islam is unchanging, totally the modern era. It is, therefore, not enough to look at the alien from modernity, and immune from the influence of last few decades of global interaction and consequential globalization. This presumption is apparently conducive to conflicts between the Western and the Islamic modernity a notorious binary approach which juxtaposes Islam and by employing a binary framework. Interaction has started the West, and associates the former with evil, and the latter more than a century ago; and interestingly enough, what with superiority and good. the contemporary conservative Islamists are keen about to In order to overcome this reified image of Islam, protect is indeed the product of some sort of Westernizing the workshop focused on dynamism of gender relations reform that has evolved since the mid 19th century. By in Muslim societies in terms of interactions between historicizing and being conscious of the constructedness international gender regimes and the responses by states, and embeddedness of the Islamic, it seems possible to find and the resultant reflections into politics, employment a clue to shun othering the Islamic. and career, education, and legal systems. The workshop As the coordinator of this workshop I am delighted featured three papers dealing with Muslim states that we were able to share with this special issue the 006 Special Issue important results generated in our workshop’s discussions. Finally but most importantly, I would like to express my gratitude