for &RPSHWLWLYH([DPV UPSC/ State PCS/ SSC/ Banking/ Insurance/ Railways/ BBA/ MBA/ Defence COVERS: ) History ) Polity ) Geography ) Ecology ) Business ) Foreign Trade ) General Science ) Economy ) Technology ) Art & Culture ) Sport ) Healthcare ) Communication ) Media & Transport ) Eduction & Career ) English ) Aptitude & Personality EBD_9009 +HDG2IÀFH%6KLYDOLN0DLQ5RDG0DOYL\D1DJDU 1HZ'HOKL 6DOHV2IÀFH%6KLYDOLN0DLQ5RDG0DOYL\D1DJDU 1HZ'HOKL 7HO Typeset by Disha DTP Team Compiled & Edited by Disha Experts DISHA PUBLICATION $//5,*+765(6(59(' © Copyright Publisher 1RSDUWRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHGLQDQ\IRUPZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ RIWKHSXEOLVKHU7KHDXWKRUDQGWKHSXEOLVKHUGRQRWWDNHDQ\OHJDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRUDQ\HUURUVRUPLVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVWKDWPLJKWKDYHFUHSWLQ:HKDYHWULHGDQG PDGHRXUEHVWHIIRUWVWRSURYLGHDFFXUDWHXSWRGDWHLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKLVERRN For further information about the books and ebooks from DISHA, /RJRQWRZZZGLVKDSXEOLFDWLRQFRP RUHPDLOWRLQIR#GLVKDSXEOLFDWLRQFRP # PANORAMA GK-1–56 ͻ Indian Panorama:/ŶĚŝĂŶ^ƚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚhŶŝŽŶdĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ͕EĂƟŽŶĂů^LJŵďŽůƐ͕/ŶĚŝĂ͛Ɛ:ŽƵƌŶĞLJ ϳϬLJĞĂƌƐ;ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ͕WŽůŝƟĐĂů͕ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ͕ĞŵŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ͕^ŽĐŝĂů͕^ƉĂĐĞͲϰϯLJƌƐͿ͖ ĞĨĞŶĐĞĂŶĚ^ĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ͕ƚŽŵŝĐĂŶĚEƵĐůĞĂƌ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕EĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂLJƐ͕ǁĂƌĚƐ͕ŽŽŬƐĂŶĚ ƵƚŚŽƌƐ͕^ĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ͕WŽǁĞƌ^ƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕&ŝƌƐƚŝŶŵĂůĞͬ&ĞŵĂůĞŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕^ƵƉĞƌůĂƟǀĞ͕&ŽƵŶĚĞƌƐ͕ ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ^ŝŐŚƚƐ͕ŝīĞƌĞŶƚ^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͕^ŽďƌŝƋƵĞƚƐ͘ ͻ World Panorama:tŽƌůĚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůŝƐĐŽǀĞƌŝĞƐ͕EĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐŽĨ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͛ ŽĸĐŝĂů ŬƐ͕ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ǁĂƌĚƐ͕ ŽŽŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƚŚŽƌƐ͕ ϳ ǁŽŶĚĞƌƐ͕ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͛/ŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕&ĂƚŚĞƌƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĮĞůĚƐ͕^ƵƉĞƌůĂƟǀĞƐ͕ >ĂŶĚŵĂƌŬƐ͕EĂƟŽŶĂůŵďůĞŵƐ͕/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂLJƐ͕^ŽďƌŝƋƵĞƚƐ͘ # PEOPLE FOREVER GK-57–88 ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů͕ŝƐĐŽǀĞƌĞƌ͕WŽůŝƟĐĂů͕^ŽĐŝĂů͕ZĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ͕ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŵĞŶ͕'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů͕ƌƟƐƚƐ͕ ^ƉŽƌƚƐƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ͕^ƉĂĐĞdƌĂǀĞůůĞƌƐ͕>ŝƚĞƌĂƌLJ͘ # HISTORY GK-89–124 ͻ Indian : ŶĐŝĞŶƚ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕DĞĚŝĞǀĂů,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕DŽĚĞƌŶ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ ͻ World :ŶĐŝĞŶƚ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕DĞĚŝĞǀĂů,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕DŽĚĞƌŶ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ # POLITY GK-125–180 ͻ Indian Polity:ŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶʹDĂŬŝŶŐ͕&ĞĂƚƵƌĞƐŽĨ/ƚƐ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ͕^ƚĂƚƵƚŽƌLJͬŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂů ďŽĚŝĞƐ͕'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ;dLJƉĞƐĂŶĚůĞǀĞůƐͿ͕/ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕WŽůŝƟĐĂůWĂƌƟĞƐ͕WƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ 'ƌŽƵƉƐ͕ Ͳ'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ͲŽƵƌƚƐ͕ >ŽŬƉĂů͕ E/d/ LJŽŐ͕ ZĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ Zd/͕&ŽƌĞŝŐŶWŽůŝĐLJ͕ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌƐ͘ ͻ World Polity:/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͕hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ͕/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ /ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ^ƵŵŵŝƚƐ͕WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚWŽůŝƟĐĂůWĂƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘ # GEOGRAPHY GK-181–242 ͻ Physical: hŶŝǀĞƌƐĞʹĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ͕^ŽůĂƌ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĂƌƚŚ͕^ĞĂƐŽŶƐ͕ZŽĐŬƐ͕ DŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ͕WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕WůĂŝŶƐ͕KĐĞĂŶƐ͕ƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘ ͻ India: WŚLJƐŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͕ ƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ͕ ^Žŝů͕ ůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ sĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͕ DŝŶĞƌĂůƐ͕ŶĞƌŐLJ͕ĞŶƐƵƐʹϮϬϭϭ͘ ͻ World: ŽŶƟŶĞŶƚƐ͕ >ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ͕ ZĞůŝŐŝŽŶƐ͕ ůŝŵĂƟĐ ŽŶĞƐ͕ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ZĞŐŝŽŶƐ͕ 'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƐƵƉĞƌůĂƟǀĞƐ͘ # ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-243–268 ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƚLJƉĞƐ͖ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƚLJƉĞƐͬ>ŽƐƐͬŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͖ ŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ EĂƟŽŶĂů WĂƌŬƐͬ^ĂŶĐƚƵĂƌŝĞƐ ͖ ŝŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ ZĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ͕ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů /ƐƐƵĞƐ͕ WŽůůƵƟŽŶ͕ 'ůŽďĂů tĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ /ŶĚŝĂ͛Ɛ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͖ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ ŶŝŵĂůǁĞůĨĂƌĞ͕ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůĂǁƐ͕ŝƐĂƐƚĞƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ # ECONOMY GK-269–302 DŝĐƌŽͲDĂĐƌŽĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͕WƵďůŝĐ&ŝŶĂŶĐĞ͕/ŶĚŝĂŶĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕tŽƌůĚĐŽŶŽŵLJ͘ # MAJOR POLICIES/Ad^͵d'>E GK-303–310 sĂƌŝŽƵƐĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂʹƚĂ'ůĂŶĐĞ͖tŽŵĞŶ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕WŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘ EBD_9009 # BUSINESS GK-311–224 ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŶƟƟĞƐ͕DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJŽĨŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞīĂŝƌƐ͕ŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕/ŶĐŽŵĞdĂdž͕ĂůĂŶĐĞƐŚĞĞƚ͕ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐŽĨ&ƵŶĚƐ͕^DƐ͕ͲĐŽŵŵĞƌĐĞ͕DE͕ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐdĞƌŵƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕^ƚĂƌƚƵƉ/ŶĚŝĂ͘ # FOREIGN TRADE & INVESTMENT IN INDIA GK-325–334 &ŽƌĞŝŐŶdžĐŚĂŶŐĞZĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ͖/ŶĚŝĂ͛Ɛ&ŽƌĞŝŐŶdƌĂĚĞ͕ĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨWĂLJŵĞŶƚƐ͘ # GENERAL SCIENCE GK-335–412 ͻ Physics: hŶŝƚƐĂŶĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͕DĞĐŚĂŶŝĐƐ͕WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŵĂƩĞƌƐ͖,ĞĂƚ͕tĂǀĞƐ͕KƉƟĐƐͬ >ŝŐŚƚ͕ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ͕DĂŐŶĞƟƐŵ͕^ĞŵŝĐŽŶĚƵĐƚŽƌƐ ͻ Chemistry: EĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ŵĂƩĞƌ͕ ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŽŵ͕ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů ŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ ůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĐŝĚƐͬĂƐĞƐͬ^ĂůƚƐ͕DĞƚĂůƐͬEŽŶͲŵĞƚĂůƐ͕ůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ͕DŝŶĞƌĂůƐ ͻ Biology: ĞůůŝŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚ'ĞŶĞƟĐƐ͕,ƵŵĂŶďůŽŽĚ͕,ƵŵĂŶƉŚLJƐŝŽůŽŐLJ͕ZĞƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ džĐƌĞƟŽŶ͕ ŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ^ŬĞůĞƚŽŶ͕ ^ĞŶƐĞ ŽƌŐĂŶƐ͕ ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ WůĂŶƚ <ŝŶŐĚŽŵ͕ŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͕>ŽŐŝĞƐŝŶƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͘ ͻ Everyday Science # TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION GK-413–426 # INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & COMPUTER GK-427–434 # ART AND CULTURE GK-435–446 ƌƚĨŽƌŵƐ͕/ŶĚŝĂŶWĂŝŶƚĞƌƐ͕DƵƐŝĐƐ͕ĂŶĐĞƐ͕dŚĞĂƚĞƌƐĂŶĚdŽƵƌŝƐƚƉůĂĐĞƐ͕,ĂŶĚŝĐƌĂŌƐ͕ &ĞƐƟǀĂůƐ͕ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ # SPORTS GK-447–458 dƌŽƉŚŝĞƐ͕WůĂLJĞƌƐŝŶ'ĂŵĞƐ͕EĂƟŽŶĂůƐƉŽƌƚƐ͕KůLJŵƉŝĐ'ĂŵĞƐ͕WĂƌĂůLJŵƉŝĐƐ͕ ŽŵŵŽŶǁĞĂůƚŚ͕ƐŝĂŶ'ĂŵĞƐ͕ƌŝĐŬĞƚtŽƌůĚƵƉ͕/W>͕&/&͕,ŽĐŬĞLJ͕dĞŶŶŝƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ # HEALTHCARE GK-459–466 # COMMUNICATION, MEDIA & TRANSPORT GK-467–482 WŽƐƚŽĸĐĞ͕dĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕DĞĚŝĂʹWƌŝŶƚ͕ůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐĂŶĚ^ŽĐŝĂů͘ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƐͲ>ĂŶĚǁĂLJƐ;ZŽĂĚƐĂŶĚZĂŝůǁĂLJƐͿ͕tĂƚĞƌǁĂLJƐĂŶĚŝƌǁĂLJƐ͘ # FILM INDUSTRY GK-483–488 # EDUCATION & CAREER GK-489–502 ϭϬнϮĂŶĚ'ƌĂĚƵĂƟŽŶͲ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƐĐŽƉĞ;/ŶĨŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐƐͿ͕ DŽƐƚtĂŶƚĞĚĂƌĞĞƌƐ;/ŶĨŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐƐͿ͕ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂͬD,Z͕ ^͕/^͕/͕EZd͕E/K^͕/d͕hW^͕^^͕/W^͕Ed͕:͕ĞƚĐ͘ # ENGLISH LANGUAGE GK-503–516 'ƌĂŵŵĂƌ͕/ĚŝŽŵƐĂŶĚWŚƌĂƐĞƐ͕tŽƌĚ&ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐͬ^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ WƌĞĮdžĞƐ͕^ƵĸdžĞƐ͕WŚŽďŝĂƐ͕>ŽŐŝĞƐ͘ # GENERAL APTITUDE & PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT GK-517–524 # QUIZZES GK-525–549 CURRENT AFFAIRS UPDATE CA-1–CA-40 PANORAMA GK-1 PANORAMAPOLITY XIndian XWorld Indian Panorama NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF INDIA National ϐ Flag ǡ Ǥ Ǧǡ ǤϐǤ National Emblem ʹ͸th ͳͻͷͲǤ ǣ DzSatyameva jayatedz Truth Alone TriumphsǤ National Jana Gana Ǣ Anthem Mana ʹͶth ͳͻͷͲǤ National Ǥ Song ͳͻͷͲǤ National ȋNelumbo nuciferaȌ ϐǤ Flower ϐ Ǥ National ȋMangifera indicaȌ ǮKingFruitsǯǡ Fruit Ǥ National Ǥ River Ǥ National ȋFicus bengalensisȌǤ Tree National ȋPavo cristatusȌ Ǥ Bird National ȋPanthera tigrisȌ Animal Ǥ National Calendar ͳͻͷ͹Ǥ INDIAN STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES INDIAN STATES & UNION TERRITORIES India/State Capital Area Language Establish- Sex Literacy Pop. Festivals Dance Tribes (Sq.Km) ment Year Ratio Average Density /1000 % (Sq. Km) INDIA New Delhi 3.3 No National 15-08-1947 940 73% 382 G.Jayanti, I.Day. & –– Million Language R. Day 1. Andhra Hyderabad 160205 Telugu, 01-10-1953 992 67.7% 308 Sankranti, Ugadi Kuchipudi Andh, Bagata, Pradesh Urdu Bhil, Konda 2. Arunachal Itanagar 83,743 English 20-02-1987 920/ 66.95% 17 Losar” or The Bardo Chham Abor, Aka, Pradesh 1000 New Year Apatani 3. Assam Dispur 78,550 Assamese, 1st April – – 397 Bihu Ankia Naat Mikirs, Khasis, (Assom) Bengali, 1912 (Onkeeya) Nagas, Boro 4. Bihar Patna 99,200 Bhojpuri, 1st April 916 63.4% 1,102 Chhath Bidesia Kajari Gonda, Mundas, Maithili 1936 Gaur 5. Chhattisgarh Raipur 135,194 Chattisgarhi, 1-11-2000 991 71.04% 189 Bastar Dussere, Panthi, Rawat Agariya, Andh, Hindi Bhoramdeo Nacha Baiga, Bhaina, 6. Goa Panaji 3,702 Konkani 30-05- 1987 968 88.70% 394 per Ganesh Chaturthi Dekhnni, Dhodia, Dubla sq km. Fugdi (Halpati), 7. Gujarat Gandhinagar 196,204 Gujarati 01-05-1960 918 79.31% 310 Makar Sankranti Rass-garba Bhils, Barda, Bavacha 8. Haryana Chandigarh 44,212 Punjabi, 01-11-1966 877 76.64% 573 Haryali Teej, Lohri, Saang, Dhamal Meo, Ror Haryanvi 9. Himachal Shimla 55,673 Pahari, 25-01-1971 974 83.78% 123 Kullu, Shoolini Losar Shona Bhot, Bodh, Pradesh Kangri Chuksam Gaddi, Gujjar EBD_9009 10. J & K Srinagar 222,236 Kashmiri, 26-10-1947 883 66.7% 56 Hemis, Urs Dumhal, Rouff Balti, Beda, Bot, Urdu Boto 11. Jharkhand Ranchi 79,714 Santhali, 15-11-2000 947 67.6% 414 Jhumar, Paika, Karam, Vat Asur, Agaria, Mundari, Ho Chau, Agni savitri Baiga, Banjara 12. Karnataka Bengaluru 191,791 Kannada 01-11-1956 968 75.60% 320 Mysore Dasara, Bharatanatyam, Adiyan, Barda, Ugadi Bolak-aat Bavacha, Bhil 13. Kerala Thiruvanantha- 38,863 Malayalam, 01-07-1949 1,084 93.91% 860 Onam Kathakali Adiyan, Arandan puram English 14. Madhya Bhopal 308,245 Hindi 01-11-1956 930 70.60% 236 Shivratri, Badhai, Rai, Bhil, Bhunjia, Pradesh Bahgoriya Saira Biar, Binjhwar 15. Maharashtra Mumbai 307,713 Marathi 01-05-1960 929 82.9% 370 Vijayadashami or Lavani, Koli Andh, Baiga, Dasara Barda 16. Manipur Imphal 22,327 Meeteilon 21-01-1972 987 79.21% 120 Lui-ngai-ni Manipuri Aimol, Anal, Ningol Chakouba, Angami Yaoshang 17. Meghalaya Shillong 22,429 Khasi,Garo 21-01-1972 986 75.84% 130 Nongkrem, Nongkrem` Chakma, Dimasa, Wangala Garo 18. Mizoram Aizawl 21,087 Mizo 20-02-1987 975 91.58% 52 Chapchar Kut, Cheraw, Chakma, Dimasa, Thalfavang Kut, Khuallam Garo 19. Nagaland Kohima 16,579 English 01-12-1963 931 80.11% 119 Hornbill, Sekrenyi Zeliang Naga, Kuki, Mikir, Garo 20. Odisha Bhubaneshwar 155,820 Odia, Eng- 01-04-1936 978 73.45% 270 Ganesh Chaturthi Odissi Agata, Bathudi, lish Birhor 21. Punjab Chandigarh 50,362 Punjabi 15-08-1947 893 76.68% 550 Bandi Chhor, Bhangra, – Vaisakhi, Lohri Giddha 22. Rajasthan Jaipur 342,239 Hindi, 01-11-1956 926 67.68% 201 Gangaur, Teej, Ghoomar – Rajasthani Gogaji 23. Sikkim Gangtok 7,096 Nepali, 16-5-1975 889 82.2% 86 Maghe, Losar Singhi Chham Bhutia, Lepcha, Bhutia Limboo 24. Tamil Nadu Chennai 130,058 Tamil 26-01-1950 995 80.33 % 550 Pongal Bharata- Adiyan, natyam Aranadan, 25. Telangana Hyderabad 114,840 Telugu, 02-06-2014 – 66.50% 310 Ugadi Kuchipudi Andh, Konda Urdu 26. Tripura Agartala 10,491.69 Bengali , 21-01-1972 961 94.65% 350 – Goria, Jhum Bhil, Bhutia, Kokborok Chaimal 27. Uttarakhand Dehradun 53,483 Garhwali, 9-11-2000 963 79.63% 189 Kandali, Ramman Langvir Nritya Bhotia, Buksa, Kumaoni Jaunsari, Raji 28. Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 243,286 Hindi, Urdu 01-04-1937 908 69.7% 820 Makar Sankranti, Kathak Bhotia, Buksa, Chhath Tharu, Baiga 29. West Bengal Kolkata 88,752 Bengali and 15-08-1947 947 77.08% 1,000 Durga Puja, Kali Chau dance Asur, Baiga, English Puja Bedia, Chero Union Territory 1. Andaman and Port Blair 8,073 English, 01-11-1956 878 86.27% 46 – – Andamanese, Nicobar Islands Hindi Chariar, Chari 2. Chandigarh Chandigarh 114 Punjabi 01-11-1966 818 81.9% 9,300/ Lohri Bhangra – 3. Dadra and Silvassa